Calculate the channel slope. Using the formula, slope equals change in elevation divided by ground distance . For example, if the ground distance is 11/16 or 0.69 inches and the scale factor is 1 inch equals 2,000 feet per inch, this equals 1,380 feet. The channel slope is 10 divided by 1,380, which equals 0.0072.
How is channel flow calculated?
R – The channel’s hydraulic radius, calculated by dividing the water flow’s cross-sectional area A by its wetted perimeter P (i.e., R = A / P ); and . s – Slope of the channel’s bottom surface .
What determines the slope of a river?
Gradient is the slope of the stream and is measured by the difference in elevation between two points on a stream divided by the distance between the two points that the water actually flows . Gradient is usually expressed in feet per mile of meters per kilometer.
How is channel area calculated?
The hydraulic radius for a circular pipe flowing full is easy to calculate. The cross-sectional area is A = πD2/4 and the wetted perimeter
How do you calculate slope analysis?
One way to express slope is as a percentage. To calculate percent slope, divide the difference between the elevations of two points by the distance between them, then multiply the quotient by 100 . The difference in elevation between points is called the rise. The distance between the points is called the run.
What is the slope of a stream called?
Stream gradient– is the slope of the stream channel or number of feet dropped per mile as measured between two points along the path of the stream.
What is bed slope?
The Slope of bed is used to calculate the shear stress at the bed of an open channel containing fluid that is undergoing steady, uniform flow . It is widely used in river engineering, stream restoration, sedimentology, and fluvial geomorphology.
Which channel has highest hydraulic radius?
Channel with given cross-sectional area (A) and slope (S) having highest hydraulic radius is the ideal channel form with maximum efficiency. Let cross-sectional shape be semicircular (Fig.
What is friction slope?
The rate at which energy is lost along a given length of channel is called the friction slope, and is usually presented as a unitless value or in units of length per length (ft/ft, m/m, etc.).
Why trapezoidal section is most economical?
The most economical section of a trapezoidal channel is one which has hydraulic mean depth equal to half the depth of flow . ... The discharge through a channel of trapezoidal section is maximum when the sloping side is equal to half the width at the top.
What is a gentle slope?
A gentle slope or curve is not steep or severe .
What is slope of the area?
1 Definition. A slope is the rise or fall of the land surface . ... A slope is easy to recognize in a hilly area.
How do you calculate the slope of a contour?
– Slope = “rise over run”, or vertical height increase over horizontal distance . – Example: if two contour lines are 300 m apart (use map scale to find the distance between them!) and they represent elevations 50 m apart, then rise = 50 m, run = 300 m. Slope = 50/300.
What are the 3 types of streams?
- Alluvial Fans. When a stream leaves an area that is relatively steep and enters one that is almost entirely flat, this is called an alluvial fan. ...
- Braided Streams. ...
- Deltas. ...
- Ephemeral Streams. ...
- Intermittent Streams. ...
- Meandering Streams. ...
- Perennial Streams. ...
- Straight Channel Streams.
Which part of a river flows the fastest?
1. Toward the middle of a river , water tends to flow fastest; toward the margins of the river it tends to flow slowest. 2. In a meandering river, water will tend to flow fastest along the outside bend of a meander, and slowest on the inside bend.
How does slope affect deposition?
Water flowing over Earth’s surface or underground causes erosion and deposition. Water flowing over a steeper slope moves faster and causes more erosion. ... When water slows down, it starts depositing sediment, starting with the largest particles first. Runoff erodes the land after a heavy rain.
