The acronym SLUDGEM Is commonly used to describe the symptoms of salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation, gastric hypermotility including nausea and vomiting and miosis
What does VX stand for?
| Acronym Definition | Vx Velocity X (best angle of climb; aviation) | Vx Experimental Squadron (US Navy Aviation unit designation used from 1927 to circa 1943) | Vx Velocity along the X Axis | Vx O-Ethyl S-Diisopropylaminomethyl Methylphosphonothiolate (chemical nerve agent) |
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What is sludge acronym?
The acronym SLUDGE is used to describe the muscarinic manifestations of salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, GI distress, and emesis .
Is VX a nerve agent?
VX is a human-made chemical warfare agent classified as a nerve agent . Nerve agents are the most toxic and rapidly acting of the known chemical warfare agents.
What is nerve agent exposure?
Some Veterans may have been exposed to nerve agents during a combat or terrorist situation. The nerve agent—in gas, aerosol or liquid form—enters the body through inhalation or the skin , and interferes with the nervous system.
What does VX stand for in VX nerve agent?
In 1954, the British first synthesized O-ethyl S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioate, the most important agent in the V series and coded in the United States as “VX”. The V-series weapons, including VX, are among the most highly toxic chemical warfare nerve agents (“V” stands for venomous ).
What is LX and VX?
LX- Low variant without any features . VX- Middle variant with some basic features. ZX- Top variant with all possible features.
What does Dumbels stand for?
DUMBELS stands for Diarrhea, Urination , Miosis/Muscle weakness, Bronchospasm/Bronchorrhea, Emesis, Lacrimation, and Salivation/Sweating. Nuclear Agents.
What is cholinergic Toxidrome?
The cholinergic toxidrome represents the acute phase of cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning . It results from the accumulation of excessive levels of acetylcholine in the synapses, glands, smooth muscles, and motor end plates where cholinergic receptors are found.
What is a cholinergic reaction?
Excessive accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) at the neuromuscular junctions and synapses causes symptoms of both muscarinic and nicotinic toxicity. These include cramps, increased salivation , lacrimation, muscular weakness, paralysis, muscular fasciculation, diarrhea, and blurry vision.
How does VX nerve agent work?
Currently classified by the United Nations as a weapon of mass destruction, VX is a potent, rapid-acting poison that cripples the nervous system, causing paralysis and eventual death by suffocation . The CDC calls it “the most potent of all nerve agents.” It kills quickly, even after exposure to infinitesimal amounts.
How is nerve agent transmitted?
How is it transmitted? Nerve agents can be odorless, tasteless, and colorless. They can come in many forms. Vapors can be easily inhaled from the air ; some can be dissolved into water to make liquids that can be put on clothes and absorbed by the skin.
How is VX administered?
The lethal dose for VX ranges from about 10 milligrams via skin contact to 25 to 30 milligrams if inhaled . Early symptoms can include pinprick pupils, runny nose, wheezing and muscle twitching. Death can occur anywhere from within a few minutes to hours, depending on the dose and the method of contact.
What is the primary route of exposure of vesicant agents?
The most likely routes of exposure are inhalation, dermal contact, and ocular contact . Vesicants are highly reactive chemicals that combine with proteins, DNA, and other cellular components to result in cellular changes immediately after exposure.
What is nerve agent used for?
Nerve agents are acetylcholinesterase inhibitors used as poison . Poisoning by a nerve agent leads to constriction of pupils, profuse salivation, convulsions, and involuntary urination and defecation, with the first symptoms appearing in seconds after exposure.
When was VX used?
Although the United Kingdom developed VX in the 1950s, CNN reports it was first used in the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s . It was also used by a cult in 1994 and 1995 to attack people on the Tokyo subway system and may have accidentally killed a bunch of sheep in Utah in the 1960s, according to The Times.
What is novichok and how does it work?
How It Works. Novichok disrupts the mechanisms by which nerves transfer messages to organs , by inhibiting chemicals in the body that nerve cells use to regulate essential functions and blocking neurotransmitters. Nerve agents are usually colorless and tasteless liquids that may evaporate to a gas.
What is the meaning of variant in car?
A variant is the label that is used to describe a particular vehicle . Rather than just having the make and model, it includes more specific data such as engine size, number of doors and the version.
What is tabun gas?
What tabun is. Tabun is a man-made chemical warfare agent classified as a nerve agent . Nerve agents are the most toxic and rapidly acting of the known chemical warfare agents. They are similar to insecticides (insect killing chemicals) called organophosphates in the way they work and the harmful effects they cause.
What does LX model mean?
LX: Luxury . LE : Luxury Edition. LS: Luxury Sport or Luxury Special. ... LTZ: Luxury Touring Special. SE: Sport Edition or Special Edition or Special Equipment.
How do I know my maestro edge variant?
| Variants Price (Ex-showroom, Delhi) | Drum Rs. 73,200 | Drum 2021 Rs. 73,450 | Disc Rs. 75,450 | Stealth Edition Rs. 76,750 |
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Which mnemonic best characterizes the nicotinic portion of the cholinergic Toxidrome?
Cholinergic symptoms that can be divided into two groups: muscarinic symptoms (remembered by the mnemonic “DUMBELS”) and nicotinic symptoms (remembered by the mnemonic “ MTWHFS” ).
What is muscarinic and nicotinic receptors?
Muscarinic receptors are associated mainly with parasympathetic functions and stimulates receptors located in peripheral tissues (e.g., glands, smooth muscle). ... The nicotinic receptor is a channel protein that, upon binding by acetylcholine, opens to allow diffusion of cations.
What is muscarinic action?
Definition of muscarinic
: of, relating to, resembling, producing, or mediating the parasympathetic effects (such as a slowed heart rate and increased activity of smooth muscle) produced by muscarine muscarinic receptors — compare nicotinic.
How do you remember anticholinergic effects?
Students often learn the adverse effects of anticholinergics from a mnemonic, e.g.: “ Blind as a bat, mad as a hatter, red as a beet, hot as a hare, dry as a bone, the bowel and bladder lose their tone, and the heart runs alone .” This refers to pupillary dilation and impaired lens accommodation, delusions, ...
What is the term used to describe a cholinergic drug toxicity?
Cholinergic crisis. Other names. Cholinergic toxicity, cholinergic poisoning, SLUDGE syndrome . A cholinergic crisis is an over-stimulation at a neuromuscular junction due to an excess of acetylcholine (ACh), as a result of the inactivity of the AChE enzyme, which normally breaks down acetylcholine.
How can nerve agents be disseminated?
Nerve agents are chemically similar to organophosphate pesticides and exert their effects by interfering with the normal function of the nervous system. METHODS OF DISSEMINATION: Indoor Air: Sarin can be released into indoor air as a liquid spray (aerosol) or as a vapor. Water: Sarin can contaminate water.
What does VX stand for in physics?
vx is the x component of the velocity .
How do you find VX and VY in projectile motion?
- Horizontal velocity component: Vx = V * cos(α)
- Vertical velocity component: Vy = V * sin(α)
- Time of flight: t = 2 * Vy / g.
- Range of the projectile: R = 2 * Vx * Vy / g.
- Maximum height: hmax = Vy2 / (2 * g)
When comparing G agents and VX agents which agent is more toxic and by how much?
Though liquid at normal temperatures, VX has the consistency of motor oil, and seldom presents a vapor hazard, unless exploded or subjected to high temperature. VX is much more toxic (100 to 150 times) than sarin when on the skin because sarin evaporates from the skin surface while VX does not.
How is VX nerve made?
VX can be made by mixing O-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) O′-ethyl methylphosphonite (Agent QL) with elemental sulfur (Agent NE) or a liquid dimethyl polysulfide mixture (Agent NM). The Malaysian authorities made several arrests, while other suspects have fled.
Who made VX nerve agent?
The chemical was invented in Britain during the 1950’s by a chemist called Ranaji Ghosh who was working for Imperial Chemical Industries. Inspired by a commercial pesticide, it was further tested by the British military, before being passed to US counterparts, who began full-scale production of VX in 1961.
What does sarin do to the body?
Exposure to high doses of sarin can result in tremors, seizures, and hypothermia. A more severe effect of sarin is the build-up of ACh in the central nervous system (CNS) which causes paralysis and ultimately peripherally-mediated respiratory arrest, leading to death.
How do you treat novichok?
Dr Mirzayanov said there were antidotes – atropine and athene – that helped stop the action of the poison, but that they were not a cure. If a person is exposed to the nerve agent, their clothing should be removed and their skin washed with soap and water. Their eyes should be rinsed and they should be given oxygen.
