Xenobiotic is a term used to describe chemical substances that are foreign to animal life and thus includes such examples as plant constituents, drugs, pesticides, cosmetics, flavorings, fragrances, food additives, industrial chemicals and environmental pollutants.
What are the types of xenobiotics?
1.1. 1 Types of Xenobiotics. Environmental pollutants, hydrocarbons, food additives, oil mixtures, pesticides, otherxenobiotics, synthetic polymers, carcinogens, drugs, and antioxidants are the major groups of xenobiotics.
What do you mean by xenobiotics?
A xenobiotic (Greek, xenos “foreign”; bios “life”) is a compound that is foreign to a living organism . Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
What is xenobiotics PDF?
Xenobiotic compounds are man made chemicals that are present in the environment at higher concentration. These are either not produced naturally or are produced at much lower amount than that by man. The compounds that resist biodegradation and persist in the environment for long period of time are called recalcitrant.
What are the xenobiotics Mcq?
What are xenobiotics? Explanation: All chemical substances that are not nutrients for the body and enter the body through different routes like inhalation, ingestion, absorption, etc . are known as xenobiotics.
Are drugs xenobiotics?
Drugs can be considered a subset of xenobiotics , that is, natural compounds of exogenous origin that may find their way into the human body. Other important classes of xenobiotics are potentially toxic plant alkaloids or fungal toxins.
Why are xenobiotics harmful?
Limited data showed the potential reproductive and developmental toxicity caused by swainsonine. The swainsonine caused reproductive and developmental toxicity in both parents and offspring mice. It suggests that severe reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity are associated with swainsonine poisoning.
Why xenobiotics are called recalcitrant?
But some xenobiotics are recalcitrant in nature because of various reasons. Some of them cannot be used as substrate by microbes, some cannot transport them due to absence of transporting enzymes and some are in accessible to microbes due to larger structure and insolubility.
What are the sources of xenobiotics?
Xenobiotics in the environment
Some of the main sources of pollution and the introduction of xenobiotics into the environment come from large industries such as pharmaceuticals, fossil fuels, pulp and paper bleaching and agriculture .
What are the characteristics of xenobiotics?
Xenobiotics have been defined as chemicals to which an organism is exposed that are extrinsic to the normal metabolism of that organism . Without metabolism, many xenobiotics would reach toxic concentrations. Most metabolic activity inside the cell requires energy, cofactors, and enzymes in order to occur.
What are the effects of xenobiotics?
Immunotoxic effects include immunosuppression and immunostimulation, hypersensitivity and autoimmunity . Infections and lymphoproliferative disorders have been associated with the use of immunosuppressive drugs, whereas infections have seldom been associated with chemical exposure.
How xenobiotics can be degraded?
In contrast, man-made compounds, also known as xenobiotics, are often refractory to degradation. ... Some compounds may be transformed only in the presence of another compound which appears as a carbon and energy source. Very often compounds are degraded sequentially through the activity of a series of different organisms .
How is bioremediation done?
Bioremediation relies on stimulating the growth of certain microbes that utilize contaminants like oil, solvents, and pesticides for sources of food and energy. ... Bioremediation can either be done “in situ”, which is at the site of the contamination itself, or “ex situ,” which is a location away from the site.
What is not a xenobiotic *?
Definition. Xenobiotics are chemicals found but not produced in organisms or the environment . Some naturally occurring chemicals (endobiotics) become xenobiotics when present in the environment at excessive concentrations. The “xeno” in “xenobiotics” comes from the Greek word xenos meaning guest, friend, or foreigner.
Where does metabolism of xenobiotics occur?
Most of these compounds are subject to metabolism, mainly in the liver . While the metabolism of xenobiotics is generally considered to be a process of detoxification, sometimes the metabolites of compounds that are themselves inert or harmless are biologically active.
What is the equation for clearance Mcq?
Explanation: Clearance is expressed through the equation of elimination rate/plasma drug concentration. So, for the elimination rate, the equation becomes clearance * plasma drug concentration . Thus the answer becomes 130*0.8= 104 g/min. 4.
