drug response refers to the pharmacodynamics (PD) response to the drug, which is all the effects of the drug on any physiologic and pathologic process , in relation to effectiveness and adverse reactions. From: Social Aspects of Drug Discovery, Development and Commercialization, 2016.
What is clinical response of drug?
Clinical drug response represents a complex phenotype that emerges from the interplay of drug-specific, human body, and environmental factors .
What is the body’s response to drugs?
The action of drugs on the human body is called pharmacodynamics , and what the body does with the drug is called pharmacokinetics. The drugs that enter the human tend to stimulate certain receptors, ion channels, act on enzymes or transporter proteins. As a result, they cause the human body to react in a specific way.
What are the physiological factors influencing drug response?
Physiological factors that affect the fate of drugs in the body and thereby have effects on their pharmacology and toxicology involve the systems that control absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. The main factors are disease, genetics, and age .
What is the pharmacological response?
Pharmacological responses are based on the binding of the drug with its corresponding target . The drug concentration at the receptor site controls its effect—factors such as aging, disorders, or other drugs influence the drug PD.
How does disease affect drug response?
The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of drugs can be influenced by the physiological and biochemical changes that occur due to various diseases. These changes can have dramatic influence on the exposure of drugs and lead to drug toxicity or lack of drug efficacy.
How does age affect drug response?
In general, as we age, total body water and muscle mass decrease while percentage of body fat increases . These changes can lead to drugs having a longer duration of action and increased effect. Drugs that were effective may become compounded and overexceed their therapeutic threshhold causing increased side effects.
Why do people vary in their response to drugs?
A person’s size and amount of fat and muscle impact their reaction to a drug. Larger people also have larger vascular systems, meaning that a substance must travel in more blood. The higher volume of blood dilutes the drug, so its effects aren’t as strong.
What organ in the body is responsible for drug and xenobiotic metabolism?
The liver is the organ responsible for the majority of drug metabolism through the actions of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme group (Phase 1 reactions) and the enzymes of conjugation (Phase 2 reactions) [1].
What are positive effects of drugs?
Pleasure is an obvious part of drug use and the short-term physical benefits are well known. Drugs can produce a “high”, give people energy , make them feel good, reduce stress and aid sleep. The social benefits of drug use are more complex to quantify.
What factors influence drug effects?
- Type of drug.
- Quantity of drug used.
- Method of drug use.
- Time taken to consume.
- Tolerance.
- Gender, size and amount of muscle.
- Use of other psycho-active drugs.
- Mood or attitude.
How does genetics affect drug response?
Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs. This relatively new field combines pharmacology (the science of drugs) and genomics (the study of genes and their functions) to develop effective, safe medications and doses that will be tailored to a person’s genetic makeup.
What are the 3 most common drugs among high school students?
Substance Use Among Teens
Alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco are substances most commonly used by adolescents.
What are three types of drug interactions?
Types of drug-drug interactions include duplication, opposition (antagonism), and alteration of what the body does to one or both drugs .
What is pharmacodynamic effect?
Pharmacodynamics (sometimes described as what a drug does to the body) is the study of the biochemical, physiologic, and molecular effects of drugs on the body and involves receptor binding. read more (including receptor sensitivity), postreceptor effects, and chemical interactions. ... read more , ie, the drug’s effects.
What is pharmacotherapy used for?
Pharmacotherapy is the use of prescribed medication to assist in the treatment of addiction . Pharmacotherapies can be used to reduce the intensity of withdrawal symptoms, to manage cravings and to reduce the likelihood of a lapse or relapse by blocking a drug or addictive behaviour’s effect.
