Two rival theories have slugged it out over the years: ‘place theory’, in which pitch is determined by which neurons are active , and ‘temporal theory’, in which pitch is determined by how the neurons are active, specifically in terms of their temporal firing patterns.
How can temporal and place theories both be used?
How can temporal and place theories both be used to explain our ability to perceive the pitch of sound waves with frequencies up to 4000 Hz? ... So, in general, hair cells located near the tip of the basilar membrane
What are the 2 theories of pitch perception?
Several theories have been proposed to account for pitch perception. We’ll discuss two of them here: temporal theory and place theory . The temporal theory of pitch perception asserts that frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron.
How does the place theory explain how we hear?
Place theory states that sound waves of different frequencies trigger receptors at different places on the basilar membrane . The brain figures out the pitch of the sound by detecting the position of the hair cells that sent the neural signal.
Which of the following theories is currently thought to provide the best explanation for how we perceive low frequencies below 150 Hz )?
The place theory of pitch perception suggests that different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies. More specifically, the base of the basilar membrane responds best to high frequencies and the tip of the basilar membrane responds best to low frequencies.
How does place theory and frequency theory explain pitch perception?
According to the frequency theory, the frequency of the nerve impulses of the auditory nerve corresponds to the frequency of a tone, which allows us to detect its pitch. The entire basilar membrane is activated by sound waves at different rates. ... Anything above 5,000 hertz is explained by the place theory.
What is the basic idea of the temporal or periodicity theory?
A second theory of hearing is called the periodicity or temporal theory of hearing. In this theory it is the timing of the firing of nerve impulses that carries information about the perceived pitch .
What is an example of temporal theory?
For example, a pure tone of 100 Hz has a period of 10 ms . ... Such a group of gaps can only be generated by a 100 Hz tone. The set of gaps for a sound above the maximum neural firing rate would be similar except it would be missing some of the initial gaps, however it would still uniquely correspond to the frequency.
What theories help us understand pitch perception?
What Theories Help Us Understand Pitch Perception? Place theory explains how we hear high-pitched sounds, and frequency theory explains how we hear low-pitched sounds. (A combination of the two theories explains how we hear pitches in the middle range.)
How do we use our two ears to determine the direction a sound is coming from?
Your brain is able to do this by comparing tiny differences in the way that sounds affect each ear. ... A sound in front or behind affects each ear the same way, with intermediate effects in-between. The brain uses these differences, even as small as a 100,000th of a second, to calculate where the sound is coming from.
How do we locate the source of sounds AP Psychology?
11: How do we locate sounds? Because we have two ears , sounds that reach one ear faster than the other ear causes us to localize the sound. Your right ear would receive a more intense sound from this bell ringing, and it would receive the sound slightly sooner than your left ear.
What does inner ear mean in psychology?
The innermost part of the ear , containing the cochlea (the spiral shape part that has lots of neural receptors for picking up auditory stimuli), semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.
What is the problem with the place theory?
The biggest problem of the place theory is that it fails to identify the pitch of a stimulus with missing fundamental . According to Helmholtz’s theory, it is impossible to perceive a pitch when there is no spectral peak at the position along the basilar membrane which corresponds to the frequency of the pitch.
Which theory best explains how we perceive low pitched sounds?
Place theory best explains how we sense high pitches, frequency theory best explains how we sense low pitches, and some combination of the two seems to handle the pitches in the intermediate range.
Which school of thinking in psychology includes the following concepts figure ground relationship law of continuity and principle of closure?
Gestalt principles such as figure-ground relationship, grouping by proximity or similarity, the law of good continuation, and closure are all used to help explain how we organize sensory information.
What has research shown about subliminal messages?
Study: Subliminal influence has more longevity than researchers originally thought. Subliminal messaging could influence decision making up to 25 minutes after the message is presented, a study in Neuroscience of Consciousness has found. Subliminal messages have distinct impacts on people’s thoughts and behavior.
Is Place theory or frequency theory more accurate?
Frequency Theory (Rutherford, 1886) holds that pitch perception corresponds to the rate of vibration of all receptive cells along the inner ear membrane. ... Place theory is accurate , except that receptive cells along the inner membrane lack independence in response.
Why is pitch perception important?
Pitch is important for speech and music perception , and may also play a crucial role in our ability to segregate sounds that arrive from different sources.
Are Place theory and frequency theory the same?
Frequency theory of hearing can only account for sounds up to 5,000 hertz. The place theory of hearing accounts for sounds at or above 5,000 hertz.
How does the brain attach meaning to the sounds coming into the brain?
Each nerve fiber connected with the hair cells is tuned to precise frequencies. This specificity creates a kind of frequency map sent into the brain. ... Stimulated hair cells excite the auditory nerve, which sends its electrical signals on to the brainstem. The next stop for sound processing is the thalamus.
Where is the first place that information from both ears is combined?
Way Stations in the Brain
Impulses from each ear are transmitted to the nucleus on both the opposite and the same side of the head. The laminar nucleus is, therefore, the first place where the information from both ears comes together in one place.
Which part of the inner ear plays an important role in identifying the frequency and harmonics in the sound?
Just as important as the ability to hear a wide range of frequencies is the ability to analyze the frequency content of sounds. Both our sensitivity and our selectivity with respect to frequency originate in the cochlea of the inner ear.
Why does temporal theory serve as a valuable tool in sport?
Time perspective theory provides a robust conceptual framework for analyzing human behavior in the context of time. ... In the present paper we provide a deepened theoretical analysis of the potential role of temporal framing of human experience for sport-related attitudes, emotions, and athletic performance.
Who proposed the Temporal Motivation Theory?
Temporal motivation theory (TMT) is an integrative motivational theory developed by Piers Steel and Cornelius J. König , the theory emphasizes time as a critical and motivational factor.
What is temporal code theory?
In temporal code theory (Wever & Bray, 1937), we determine the frequency of a sound by how fast a neuron fires . The auditory nerve attached to a hair cell will fire at the same point in a sound cycle, thus, the firing rate will match the incoming sound frequency.
Which theory can best explain why people respond differently to the same stimuli?
Which theory can best explain why people respond differently to the same stimuli? prosopagnosia .
How does the brain determine the direction of sound?
Being able to localize sounds helps us make sense of the world around us. The brain works out sound direction by comparing the times of when sound reaches the left versus the right ear . This cue is known as interaural time difference, or ITD for short.
How are the two ears connected?
The air space of the middle ear connects to the back of the nose by the Eustachian tube , a narrow tube which can let air in or out of the space. It can also allow infections like the common cold to spread from the throat and nose to the ears.
How do we determine the direction of sound?
Having an ear on each side of your head allows you to distinguish whether a sound is coming from the left or the right. The direction is determined by perception of the difference of arrival time or difference in phase of sounds at each ear .
Which theory holds that the pitch we hear is determined by the particular location on the cochlea?
The place theory of hearing suggests that we hear different pitches because different areas of the cochlea respond to higher and lower pitches. Conductive hearing loss is caused by physical damage to the ear or eardrum and may be improved by hearing aids or cochlear implants.
What theories help us understand color vision quizlet?
Contemporary research has confirmed that, en route to the brain, neurons in the retina and the thalamus code the color-related information from the cones into pairs of opponent colors. These two theories, and the research supporting them, show that color processing occurs in two stages.
How do temporal theory and place theory describe aspects of sound perception?
The temporal theory of pitch perception asserts that frequency is coded by the activity level of a sensory neuron. ... The place theory of pitch perception suggests that different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies .
What is the difference between place and temporal theory?
Two rival theories have slugged it out over the years: ‘place theory’, in which pitch is determined by which neurons are active , and ‘temporal theory’, in which pitch is determined by how the neurons are active, specifically in terms of their temporal firing patterns.
How does the place theory work?
Place theory is a theory of hearing that states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane. ... In all cases, neural firing patterns in time determine the perception of pitch.
Which of the following cues does her brain use to locate where the sounds of the other players are coming from?
Humans use two important cues to help determine where a sound is coming from. These cues are: (1) which ear the sound hits first (known as interaural time differences) , and (2) how loud the sound is when it reaches each ear (known as interaural intensity differences).
How does the brain process sound quizlet?
Within the ear, auditory receptors convert the mechanical energy of sounds into an electrical signal, and then that information is transmitted to the brain. ... When a sound wave reaches the middle ear, sound waves impinge upon the eardrum causing vibration.
How does the place theory explain how we discriminate pitch?
How does von Helmholtz’s place theory explain how we discriminate pitch? We hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea’s basilar membrane . So, the brain determines a sound’s pitch by recognizing the specific place that is generating the neural signal.
What roles do the outer middle and inner ear play in helping a person hear a song on the radio?
What roles do the outer, middle, and inner ear play in helping a person hear a song on the radio? The outer ear funnels the sound waves from the radio to the eardrum . ... In the inner ear, the resulting pressure changes in the cochlear fluid cause the basilar membrane to ripple, bending the hair cells on its surface.
What is the basic idea of the temporal or periodicity theory?
A second theory of hearing is called the periodicity or temporal theory of hearing. In this theory it is the timing of the firing of nerve impulses that carries information about the perceived pitch .
What theories help us understand pitch perception?
What Theories Help Us Understand Pitch Perception? Place theory explains how we hear high-pitched sounds, and frequency theory explains how we hear low-pitched sounds. (A combination of the two theories explains how we hear pitches in the middle range.)
