The life cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi involves two intermediate hosts : the invertebrate vector (triatomine insects) and the vertebrate host (humans) and has three developmental stages namely, trypomastigotes, amastigotes and epimastigotes [8].
What are the stages of African trypanosomiasis?
Human African trypanosomiasis, caused by the parasites Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and T.b.gambiense, is clinically defined by two diagnostic stages, an early stage where the parasites appear to be localised to the blood and lymphatic systems, and a late stage where the parasites are also localised in the central ...
What is the life cycle of a tsetse fly?
The adult fly emerges from the pupa in the ground after about 30 days . Over a period of 12-14 days it matures, mates and, if it is a female, deposits its first larva. Thus 50 days elapse between the emergence of one female fly and the subsequent emergence of the first of its progeny.
What is the infective stage of Trypanosoma?
In the salivary glands, some parasites detach and undergo transformation into short and stumpy trypomastigotes . These become the infective metacyclic trypomastigotes. They are injected into the mammalian host along with the saliva on biting. Complete development in the fly takes about 20 days.
How does Trypanosoma grow?
Trypanosomes proliferate in the bloodstream of mammalian hosts as morphologically slender forms. These cells express the bloodstream-stage-specific VSG coat to evade the mammalian immune response. ... Upon uptake in a tsetse bloodmeal, procyclic forms are generated, these being proliferative in the fly midgut.
What is a tsetse fly do to you?
A bite by the tsetse fly is often painful and can develop into a red sore, also called a chancre. Fever, severe headaches, irritability, extreme fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, and aching muscles and joints are common symptoms of sleeping sickness . Some people develop a skin rash.
How many eggs can a tsetse fly Lay?
Female tsetse flies develop just one single egg at a time . When the egg is complete, the mother moves it from her ovaries into her uterus in a process called ovulation. Once in the uterus, the egg is fertilized with sperm the female has stored in an organ called the spermatheca.
Is African trypanosomiasis a virus or bacteria?
Parasites – African Trypanosomiasis (also known as Sleeping Sickness) African Trypanosomiasis, also known as “sleeping sickness”, is caused by microscopic parasites of the species Trypanosoma brucei. It is transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina species), which is found only in sub-Saharan Africa.
How long does African sleeping sickness last?
It's a short-term (acute) illness that may last several weeks to months . People from the U.S. who travel to Africa are rarely infected. On average, 1 U.S. citizen is infected every year.
How do you control trypanosomiasis?
- Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants of medium-weight material in neutral colors that blend with the background environment. Tsetse flies are attracted to bright or dark colors, and they can bite through lightweight clothing.
- Inspect vehicles before entering. ...
- Avoid bushes. ...
- Use insect repellent.
How do Trypanosoma Gambiense infect humans?
brucei gambiense, the causative agents of Human African Trypanosomiasis, are transmitted by tsetse flies . Within the vector, the parasite undergoes through transformations that prepares it to infect the human host.
How does a Trypanosoma move?
Trypanosomes move actively and progress by movement of the undulating membrane and the free flagellum (when present) , which acts as a kind of propeller, thus drawing themselves through the blood plasma or tissue fluid. (The free flagellum, when present, arises from the anterior [front] end of the parasite.)
Where is Trypanosoma found?
West African trypanosomiasis can be contracted in parts of central Africa and in a few areas of West Africa. Most of the reported cases are found in central Africa (Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Sudan, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Chad, and northern Uganda).
What 3 types of diseases does Trypanosoma cause?
Trypanosomes infect a variety of hosts and cause various diseases, including the fatal human diseases sleeping sickness , caused by Trypanosoma brucei, and Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi.
Why is it called sleeping sickness?
African trypanosomiasis is a parasitic disease transmitted by the tsetse fly. It gets its nickname ‘sleeping sickness' because symptoms can include a disturbed sleep pattern.
What is caused by Trypanosoma?
Sleeping sickness , or human African trypanosomiasis, is a life-threatening disease caused by related parasite strains, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, transmitted by the tsetse fly. People with early stage sleeping sickness often are not diagnosed.
