External social control refers to the ability of outside agencies — such as police — to exert control over your behavior. Edwin Sutherland suggests that deviance is learned through association with others.
What are the 4 theories of deviance?
However, deviant behavior can also tiptoe over the line of criminal behavior. While there are many different sociological theories about crime, there are four primary perspectives about deviance: Structural Functionalism, Social Strain Typology, Conflict Theory, and Labeling Theory.
What are the 3 theories of deviance?
Strain theory, social disorganization theory, and cultural deviance theory represent three functionalist perspectives on deviance in society.
What is Becker’s Labelling theory?
Howard Becker (1963): his key statement about labelling is: “ Deviancy is not a quality of the act a person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of rules and sanctions to an ‘offender’ . Deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label.”
Which type of theory is concerned with why deviance occurs?
Social disorganization theory points to broad social factors as the cause of deviance. A person isn’t born a criminal but becomes one over time, often based on factors in his or her social environment. Research into social disorganization theory can greatly influence public policy.
What are the 5 theories of deviance?
According to Merton, there are five types of deviance based upon these criteria: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion . Merton’s typology is fascinating because it suggests that people can turn to deviance in the pursuit of widely accepted social values and goals.
What are the two types of deviance?
Formal deviance includes criminal violation of formally-enacted laws. Examples of formal deviance include robbery, theft, rape, murder, and assault . Informal deviance refers to violations of informal social norms, which are norms that have not been codified into law.
What is the difference between positive and negative deviance?
Deviance may be either positive or negative. Negative deviance involves behavior that fails to meet accepted norms. People expressing negative deviance either reject the norms , misinterpret the norms, or are unaware of the norms. Positive deviance involves overconformity to norms.
What are the elements of deviance?
- Deviation is relative, not absolute: In this sense, most people are deviant to some degree. ...
- Deviance refers to norm violation: There are wide range of norms—religious norms, legal norms, health norms, cultural norms and so forth. ...
- Deviance is also viewed as a ‘stigma construct’:
What is the labeling theory of deviance?
Labeling theory refers to the idea that individuals become deviant when a deviant label is applied to them ; they adopt the label by exhibiting the behaviors, actions, and attitudes associated with the label. Labeling theory argues that people become deviant as a result of others forcing that identity upon them.
What is Durkheim’s theory?
Durkheim believed that society exerted a powerful force on individuals . People’s norms, beliefs, and values make up a collective consciousness, or a shared way of understanding and behaving in the world. The collective consciousness binds individuals together and creates social integration.
What are two criticisms of labeling theory?
The major criticisms of labeling theory include the following: the various propositions to be tested are not adequately specified; due to the lack of satisfactory data and empirical research, evaluating the adequacy of labeling theory has been difficult ; labeling theory focuses on the reaction to criminal and/or ...
Who made Labelling theory?
The labelling theory was developed and popularised by American sociologist Howard S. Becker in his 1963 book Outsiders.
What is the relationship between deviance and crime?
Deviance is when there is a non-conformity concerning the well established social and cultural norms and principles . Crime implies any illegal act or omission, which amounts to the violation of the law, often prosecuted by the state and punishable by law.
Which type of theory is concerned with why deviance occurs quizlet?
Functionalist theory , suggests that deviance occurs when a person’s (or group’s) attachment to social bonds is weakened. People internalize social norms. Attachment to social norms helps people resist deviation. The economic organization of capitalist societies produces deviance.
What is the concept of symbolic Interactionism?
Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical perspective in sociology that addresses the manner in which society is created and maintained through face-to-face, repeated, meaningful interactions among individuals . This article surveys past theory and research in the interactionist tradition.
