Chunking
refers to the process of taking individual pieces of information and grouping them into larger units. By grouping each data point into a larger whole, you can improve the amount of information you can remember. Probably the most common example of chunking occurs in phone numbers.
What are the 3 stages of memory?
Stages of Memory Creation
The brain has three types of memory processes:
sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory
.
What is semantic memory?
Semantic memory refers to the
memory of meaning, understanding, general knowledge about the world, and other concept-based knowledge unrelated to specific experiences
.
Which is a good example of semantic encoding?
Chunking and mnemonics (discussed below) aid in semantic encoding; sometimes, deep processing and optimal retrieval occurs. For example, you
might remember a particular phone number based on a person’s name or a particular food by its color
.
Is encoding an information processing system?
We get information into our brains through a process called encoding, which is
the input of information into the memory system
. Once we receive sensory information from the environment, our brains label or code it. … Encoding information occurs through both automatic processing and effortful processing.
What is the process of reconstruction of memories?
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called construction, and the
process of bringing up old memories
is called reconstruction. … People may not intend to distort facts, but it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories (Roediger and DeSoto, in press).
What is the information processing model of memory?
any conceptualization of memory as involving the progressive transfer of information through a system
, much as a computer manipulates information in order to store, retrieve, and generate responses to it.
What is a flashbulb memory example?
Flashbulb memories are often associated with important historical or autobiographical events. … An example of a flashbulb memory is
the assassination of the US president John F. Kennedy in 1963 and recalling the moment you learned of the death of Princess Diana in 1997
.
What is priming in psych?
In psychology, priming is
a technique in which the introduction of one stimulus influences how people respond to a subsequent stimulus
. Priming works by activating an association or representation in memory just before another stimulus or task is introduced.
What is an example of Nondeclarative memory?
Examples of Nondeclarative Memory
Nondeclarative memory includes things like:
Simple cooking tasks, like boiling water for tea
. Riding a bicycle or driving a car. Buttoning and unbuttoning a shirt.
What are the 3 types of encoding?
There are three main areas of encoding memory that make the journey possible:
visual encoding, acoustic encoding and semantic encoding
. It is interesting to know that tactile encoding, or learning by touch, also exists but is not always applicable.
Which type of encoding involves relating new information to existing knowledge that you already have stored in long-term memory?
Elaborative encoding
simply means relating new information to prior knowledge. Memory is a combination of old and new information about something. In other words, how we remember things depends on how we link it to prior information. Elaborative encoding of something has been shown to greatly enhance long-term memory.
What occurs through encoding information?
Encoding information occurs through
automatic processing and effortful processing
. If someone asks you what you ate for lunch today, more than likely you could recall this information quite easily. This is known as automatic processing, or the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words.
What is acoustic code?
In memory, acoustic coding is
the storing of information in terms of the sound rather than
the meaning of what is said. So, for example, someone might remember the sound of being shouted at but unable to remember the exact content of the communication.
Which processes are required for effective information processing?
It is hypothesised that processing involves three stages:
Encoding
(collecting and representing information); Storage (holding information); Retrieval (obtaining the information when needed); and a Control Process that determines how and when information will flow through the system.
How do we process and store information?
Typically, processing happens through:
encoding, storage and retrieval
. Encoding converts information into a format that your brain can store. Information may be stored in your short- or long-term memory. Finally, retrieval is your ability to recall the information you’ve stored.
What is reconstructive theory?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Reconstructive memory is
a theory of memory recall
, in which the act of remembering is influenced by various other cognitive processes including perception, imagination, semantic memory and beliefs, amongst others.
What are the methods for increasing retrieval of information?
- Focus Your Attention. …
- Avoid Cramming. …
- Structure and Organize. …
- Utilize Mnemonic Devices. …
- Elaborate and Rehearse. …
- Visualize Concepts. …
- Relate New Information to Things You Already Know. …
- Read Out Loud.
What is an example of reconstructive processes?
Reconstructive memory refers to the process of assembling information from stored knowledge when a clear or coherent memory of specific events does not exist. For example, an
interviewer may work with crime victim to assemble a memory of the traumatic events surrounding a crime
.
What is Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory?
Reconstructive Memory (Bartlett)
Reconstructive memory suggests
that in the absence of all information, we fill in the gaps to make more sense of what happened
. According to Bartlett, we do this using schemas. These are our previous knowledge and experience of a situation and we use this process to complete the memory.
What are the 4 components of the information processing model?
Information Processing has several components. The major components are
information stores, cognitive processes, and executive cognition
. Information stores are the different places that information can be stored in the mind. Information is stored briefly in the sensory memory.
What are the 3 types of information processing theory?
A huge part of information processing is its description of memory. The theory lists three stages of our memory that work together in this order:
sensory memory, short-term or working memory and long-term memory
.
What is an example of confabulation?
While confabulation involves presenting false information,
the person doing so believes that what they are remembering is true
. For example, a person with dementia may be able to clearly describe the last time they met with their doctor, even if the scenario they depict never actually happened.
What does proactive interference refer to?
Proactive interference is
when older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories
. Because older memories are often better rehearsed and more strongly cemented in long-term memory, it is often easier to recall previously learned information rather than more recent learning.
What is an example of proactive interference?
Proactive interference occurs
when old memories limit one’s capacity to recall new information
. You’ve probably already witnessed this phenomenon when trying to recall phone numbers. For instance, the old number you have had for several years can proactively interfere the process of remembering your new phone number.
Why does semantic priming occur?
Semantic priming may occur because
the prime partially activates related words or concepts, facilitating their later processing or recognition
. Although this process is often automatic, priming can also be guided by the use of specific strategies to achieve a particular task goal.
What is Nondeclarative or implicit memories?
Implicit memory (also called “nondeclarative” memory) is
a type of long-term memory
that stands in contrast to explicit memory in that it doesn’t require conscious thought. It allows you to do things by rote. This memory isn’t always easy to verbalize, since it flows effortlessly in our actions.
What is declarative and Nondeclarative memory?
Declarative memory allows us to consciously recollect events and facts
. It is generally indexed by our ability to explicitly recall or recognize those events or facts. Nondeclarative memory, in contrast, is accessed without consciousness or implicitly through performance rather than recollection.
What are three types of Nondeclarative memory?
- priming,
- classical conditioning, and.
- procedural or motor skill learning.
What is visual priming?
Visual priming occurs
when the classification response is faster to a stimulus visually identical to a previous stimulus than to one identical only in name
. Earlier experiments found no visual priming effects between stimuli separated by a stimulus of the same task but from the opposite classification category.
What is retrieval cues in psychology?
A retrieval cue is
a clue or prompt that is used to trigger the retrieval of long-term memory
. Recall: This type of memory retrieval involves being able to access the information without being cued. … This often makes it easier to remember and retrieve information in the future and can improve the strength of memories.
What do we call the processes used to encode store and retrieve information over different periods of time?
Memory
is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time. Encoding involves the input of information into the memory system.
Is the process of encoding storing and retrieving information?
Memory
is the processes that is used to acquire, retain, and later retrieve information. The memory process involves three domains: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
How does perception and attention relate to encoding?
If attention gates which information we perceive and act upon, then it may also determine what information we remember. Indeed, attention during encoding
affects both subsequent behavioral expressions of
memory (3) and the extent to which activity levels in the brain predict memory formation (4⇓⇓–7).
What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde?
Retrograde vs.
People with anterograde amnesia
have trouble making new memories after the onset of amnesia
. People with retrograde amnesia have trouble accessing memories from before the onset of amnesia. These two types of amnesia can coexist in the same person, and often do.
When words are encoded based on their meanings?
The encoding of words and their meaning is known as
semantic encoding
. It was first demonstrated by William Bousfield (1935) in an experiment in which he asked people to memorize words.
What is visual imagery encoding?
Visual Encoding refers
to the process by which we remember visual images
. For example, if you are presented a list of words, each shown for one second, you would be able to remember if there was a word that was written in all capital letters, or if there was a word written in italics.
What involves relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge already stored in memory?
Encoding is the process: by which we transform what we think, or feel into an enduring memory. What is the process of relating new information in a meaningful way to knowledge that is already in memory?
Semantic encoding
.
What is semantic encoding in psychology?
cognitive encoding of new information that focuses on its meaningful aspects as opposed to its perceptual characteristics
. This will usually involve some form of elaboration. See also deep processing.
If someone asks you what you ate for lunch today, more than likely you could recall this information quite easily. This is known as
automatic processing
, or the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words. Automatic processing is usually done without any conscious awareness.
What is acoustic encoding example?
Acoustic encoding is the process of remembering something that you hear. You may use acoustic by putting a sound to words or creating a song or rhythm.
Learning the alphabet or multiplication tables
can be an example of acoustic. If you say something out loud or read aloud, you are using acoustic.
How is information encoded in the brain?
Encoding is achieved
using chemicals and electric impulses within the brain
. Neural pathways, or connections between neurons (brain cells), are actually formed or strengthened through a process called long-term potentiation, which alters the flow of information within the brain.
How is information coded in short term memory?
Evidence suggests that this is the principle coding system in short-term memory (STM) is
acoustic coding
. When a person is presented with a list of numbers and letters, they will try to hold them in STM by rehearsing them (verbally). … However, information in LTM can also be coded both visually and acoustically.
