Phobias are diagnosable mental disorders. The person will experience
intense distress when faced with the source of
their phobia. This can prevent them from functioning normally and sometimes leads to panic attacks. In the United States, approximately 19 million people have phobias.
What should you present to weaken or eliminate a conditioned response?
Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery. A classically conditioned response can be eliminated or extinguished by eliminating the
predictive relationship between the signal and the reflex
. This is accomplished by presenting the signal (CS) while preventing the reflex.
When Luis was a child he really liked the smell of the rose scented perfume his mother used to wear?
When Luis was a child, he really liked the smell of the rose-scented perfume his mother used to wear. He came to associate that scent with snuggles and hugs from his mom. As an adult, Luis likes any floral scent, including the smell of lilacs and wildflowers.
What is the initial stage of learning called?
Acquisition
.
Acquisition
is the initial stage of learning when a response is first established and gradually strengthened. 5 During the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
What is cr in psychology?
In classical conditioning, the
conditioned response
(CR) is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus. In Ivan Pavlov’s experiments in classical conditioning, the dog’s salivation was the conditioned response to the sound of a bell.
What did Pavlov prove?
Classical conditioning is learning through association and was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov showed that
dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell if
that sound was repeatedly presented at the same time that they were given food.
What is conditional and unconditional response?
The
conditioned response must be learned
, while the unconditioned response takes place with no learning. The conditioned response will only occur after an association has been made between an unconditioned stimulus and a conditioned stimulus.
What is the process of eliminating a behavior by withholding reinforcement?
The elimination of a conditioned response by withholding reinforcement.
Why do behaviorists insist that thoughts are not the causes of behavior?
Why do behaviorists insist that thoughts are not the causes of behavior?
The events that caused the thoughts are the real causes.
When shown a Santa Claus beard Little Albert showed a fear?
when shown Santa Claus beard, little Albert showed a fear response, which was evidence of…
your spouse withdraws attention from you each time you begin criticizing her cooking
. Eventually, you stop criticizing your spouses cooking.
What reinforcement occurs if a behavior is only reinforced some of the time?
Partial or intermittent reinforcement
occurs when a specific response is reinforced only some of the time that the response occurs.
What is conditioning theory?
Conditioning in behavioral psychology is a
theory that the reaction (“response”) to an object or event (“stimulus”) by a person or animal can be modified by ‘learning’
, or conditioning. The most well-known form of this is Classical Conditioning (see below), and Skinner built on it to produce Operant Conditioning.
What is spontaneous recovery?
Spontaneous recovery is typically defined as
the reemergence of conditioned responding to an extinguished conditioned stimulus (CS) with the passage of time
since extinction.
What was Bandura’s theory?
Social learning theory
, proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the importance of observing, modelling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. … Behavior is learned from the environment through the process of observational learning.
What is unconditioned stimulus?
An unconditioned stimulus is
a stimulus that leads to an automatic response
. In Pavlov’s experiment, the food was the unconditioned stimulus. An unconditioned response is an automatic response to a stimulus. The dogs salivating for food is the unconditioned response in Pavlov’s experiment.
What is CS UCS?
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): This is a stimulus that automatically elicits an unconditional response. …
Conditioned Stimulus
(CS): This is the stimulus that brings on a particular response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. The flashing light was this role in the experiment.
What is UCS and UCR?
unconditioned response
(UCR): natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus. unconditioned stimulus (UCS): stimulus that elicits a reflexive response.
How is Pavlov theory used today?
Pavlov’s classical conditioning has found numerous applications:
in behavioural therapy
, across experimental and clinical environments, in educational classrooms as well as in treating phobias using systematic desensitisation.
What is UCS conditioning?
In the learning process known as classical conditioning,
the unconditioned stimulus
(UCS) is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. In other words, the response takes place without any prior learning.
How did Pavlov measure saliva?
During the 1890s, Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who was researching salivation in dogs as a response to being fed. While the dogs were being fed, he used a small test tube to measure the saliva
by inserting it into their cheeks
.
How did Watson apply Pavlov’s principles to learned fear?
Pavlov’s work also provided a basis for Watson’s idea that human emotions and behaviors, though biologically influenced, are mainly a bundle of conditioned responses. Watson applied classical conditioning principles in his studies of “Little Albert” to demonstrate
how specific fears might be conditioned
.
What is a controlled response?
noun.
Military
.
Response to an attack with military action
which is deliberately kept within certain limits in order to avoid all-out nuclear war.
What is stimulus discrimination?
Stimulus discrimination is
a component of cognitive behavioral treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
. Clients are guided to deliberately attend to differences between then (danger at the time of the trauma) and now (safety in the present).
What is acquisition in psychology?
Acquisition refers
to the first stages of learning when a response is established
. In classical conditioning, it refers to the period when the stimulus comes to evoke the conditioned response.
What is a positive Punisher?
Definition. Positive punishment is
a form of behavior modification
. … Positive punishment is adding something to the mix that will result in an unpleasant consequence. The goal is to decrease the likelihood that the unwanted behavior will happen again in the future.
What behaviors should compensation reinforce?
Compensation should reinforce which behaviors?
reinforce attracting and hiring good employees, encourage skill development, and motivate high job performance
.
What is spontaneous recovery quizlet?
Terms in this set (10)
Spontaneous recovery.
reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after sometime has passed
.
generalization
. tendency to respond in the same way to stimuli that have a similar characteristics.
What did Thorndike study?
Thorndike studied
learning in animals (usually cats)
. He devised a classic experiment in which he used a puzzle box (see fig. 1) to empirically test the laws of learning.
What does the Little Albert Experiment proved?
The Little Albert Experiment demonstrated that
classical conditioning could be used to create a phobia
. A phobia is an irrational fear, that is out of proportion to the danger. In this experiment, a previously unafraid baby was conditioned to become afraid of a rat.
How do you undo psychological conditioning?
One of the most widely used types of counter conditioning is
systematic desensitization
. This technique uses muscle relaxation instead of food as the positive counter stimulus. The main goal in this treatment is to reduce fear to a certain feared stimulus.
What did Thorndike mean by the law of effect?
formulation by Thorndike
In Edward L. Thorndike. The law of effect stated that
those behavioral responses that were most closely followed by a satisfying result were most likely to become established patterns and to occur again in response to the same stimulus
.
What happened after Little Albert was classically conditioned to fear a tame white rat?
What happened after “Little Albert” was classically conditioned to fear a tame white rat?
Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects
.
Is baby Albert still alive?
But what of Albert Barger?
He died in 2007
after a long, happy life, says his niece. She says the family had no idea he might be Little Albert, and that his mum had hidden the fact that he was born out of wedlock.
What is delayed reinforcement?
WHAT IS DELAY OF REINFORCEMENT? Reinforcement is delayed
whenever there is period of time between the response producing the reinforcer and its subsequent delivery
. … With both, there are two components: one before the reinforced response, and the other between it and the reinforcer.
What is resurgence ABA?
Resurgence describes
the recurrence of a previously reinforced behavior following the extinction of the subsequently reinforced alternative behavior
. This means that an appropriate behavior that used to be reinforced is no longer getting any reinforcement (i.e. it is being put on extinction).
What is biological preparedness?
Biological preparedness is the
idea that people and animals are inherently inclined to form associations between certain stimuli and responses
. This concept plays an important role in learning, particularly in understanding the classical conditioning process.
What is intermittent reinforcement example?
Intermittent reinforcement refers to behaviors that are rewarded intermittently, or not continuously. For example, if
a kid threw a tantrum on the floor of Toys-R-Us and his parents gave him a present every time
, that would be continuous reinforcement.
When a behavior is reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus but not in its absence it is known as training?
Discrimination training
involves reinforcing a behavior (e.g., pecking) in the presence of one stimulus but not others.
Why is it most important to reinforce a behavior in a variety of situations Times places and people )?
Immediately reinforcing a behavior is the most effective way to establish a behavior
because reinforcement is most easily given immediately
. … True levels of behavior are more likely to be observed in analog settings.
What is Cs in psychology?
In classical conditioning, the
conditioned stimulus
(CS) is a substitute stimulus that triggers the same response in an organism as an unconditioned stimulus. Simply put, a conditioned stimulus makes an organism react to something because it is associated with something else.
What is Ivan Pavlov’s theory?
Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist best known in psychology for his discovery of
classical conditioning
. During his studies on the digestive systems of dogs, Pavlov noted that the animals salivated naturally upon the presentation of food.
What is Pavlov’s law?
Pavlov found that for associations to be made, the two stimuli had to be presented close together in time (such as a bell). He called this
the law of temporal contiguity
. If the time between the conditioned stimulus (bell) and unconditioned stimulus (food) is too great, then learning will not occur.
