The pathophysiology of diabetes is
related to the levels of insulin within the body
, and the body's ability to utilize insulin. There is a total lack of insulin in type 1 diabetes, while in type 2 diabetes, the peripheral tissues resist the effects of insulin.
What is the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus 1?
In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas, a large gland behind the stomach,
stops making insulin
because the cells that make the insulin have been destroyed by the body's immune system. Without insulin, the body's cells cannot turn glucose (sugar), into energy.
What is the basic underlying pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes?
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), one of the most common metabolic disorders, is caused by a combination of two primary factors:
defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells and the inability of insulin-sensitive tissues to respond appropriately to insulin
.
What is diabetes and its pathological features?
Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as just diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time. Symptoms often include
frequent urination, increased thirst and increased appetite
. If left untreated, diabetes can cause many health complications.
What pathophysiology means?
Definition of pathophysiology
:
the physiology of abnormal states specifically
: the functional changes that accompany a particular syndrome or disease.
What is the pathophysiology of DKA?
DKA is
a state of absolute or relative insulin deficiency aggravated by ensuing hyperglycemia, dehydration, and acidosis-producing derangements in intermediary metabolism
. The most common causes are underlying infection, disruption of insulin treatment, and new onset of diabetes. (See Etiology.)
What causes insulin resistance pathophysiology?
For example,
obesity
, the most common cause of insulin resistance, is associated mainly with postreceptor abnormality but is also associated with a decreased number of insulin receptors. Other conditions that are categorized as receptor or postreceptor insulin-resistant states include the following: Type A syndrome.
What is etiology and pathophysiology?
Definition. The terms “etiology” and “pathogenesis” are closely related
to the questions of why and how a certain disease or disorder develops
. Models of etiology and pathogenesis therefore try to account for the processes that initiate (etiology) and maintain (pathogenesis) a certain disorder or disease.
What is involved in pathophysiology?
Studies of pathophysiology are concerned with
the investigation of biological processes
that are directly related to disease processes of physical, mental, or psychophysiological conditions and disorders (e.g., alterations in the endocrine system, in certain neurotransmitters, or inflammatory parameters related to the …
What is included in pathophysiology?
Pathophysiology includes four interrelated topics:
etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and treatment implications
. • Etiology refers to study of the proposed cause or causes of a particular disease process.
What causes Kussmaul breathing?
Causes: Kussmaul breathing is usually caused by
high acidity levels in the blood
. Cheyne-Stokes breathing is usually related to heart failure, stroke, head injuries, or brain conditions. Pattern: Kussmaul breathing doesn't alternate between periods of fast and slow breathing.
What is DKA in diabetics?
Diabetic ketoacidosis is
a serious complication of diabetes
that occurs when your body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones. The condition develops when your body can't produce enough insulin.
What is the pathophysiology of HHS?
HHS occurs
when the blood sugar of a person with diabetes becomes too high (hyperglycemia) for a long time
. The extra sugar is passed into the urine, which causes the person to urinate frequently. As a result, he or she loses a lot of fluid, which can lead to severe dehydration (extreme thirst).
What is insulin resistance and how does it contribute to the pathophysiology of diabetes?
What is insulin resistance? Insulin resistance occurs
when excess glucose in the blood reduces the ability of the cells to absorb and use blood sugar for energy
. This increases the risk of developing prediabetes and, eventually, type 2 diabetes.
What is insulin resistance physiology?
Insulin resistance (IR) is
a pathological condition in which cells fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin
. Insulin is a hormone that allows glucose to enter cells which also reduces blood glucose (blood sugar). Insulin is released by the pancreas in response to carbohydrates consumed in the diet.
What are the 3 mechanisms of action for metformin?
Metformin has been shown to act via both AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-dependent and AMPK-independent mechanisms; by
inhibition of mitochondrial respiration
but also perhaps by inhibition of mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, and a mechanism involving the lysosome.
What is an example of pathophysiology?
Pathophysiology:
Deranged function in an individual or an organ due to a disease
. For example, a pathophysiologic alteration is a change in function as distinguished from a structural defect.
What is the importance of pathophysiology?
In some ways, the pathophysiology is considered
the foundation of nursing practice
, as it helps outline a nurse's main responsibilities, such as assisting in the treatment of acute and chronic illnesses, managing medications, assisting with diagnostic tests, and managing general health care and disease prevention for …
Is pathology and pathophysiology the same?
Pathology describes the abnormal or undesired condition
, whereas pathophysiology seeks to explain the functional changes that are occurring within an individual due to a disease or pathologic state.
What is another word for pathophysiology?
In this page you can discover 11 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for pathophysiology, like: physiopathology,
pathogenesis
, etiology, aetiology, pathophysiological, neuropharmacology, patho-physiology, aetiopathogenesis, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry and differential-diagnosis.
When does dawn phenomenon occur?
The dawn phenomenon, also called the dawn effect, is the term used to describe an abnormal early-morning increase in blood sugar (glucose) —
usually between 2 a.m. and 8 a.m.
— in people with diabetes.
What does hyperosmolar mean?
The loss of water also makes the blood more concentrated than normal. This is called hyperosmolarity. It is
a condition in which the blood has a high concentration of salt (sodium), glucose, and other substances
. This draws the water out of the body's other organs, including the brain.
What is DKA and HHS?
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) are the two most serious metabolic complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). These disorders can occur in both type 1 and type 2 DM. DKA is characterized by hyperglycemia, ketone body formation and metabolic acidosis.
What causes Cheyne?
The most common causes of Cheyne-Stokes respirations are
heart failure and stroke
. Although considered to be rare, Cheyne-Stokes breathing occurs in 25% to 50% of people with heart failure.
What are Cheyne-Stokes?
Cheyne-Stokes respiration is
a specific form of periodic breathing
(waxing and waning amplitude of flow or tidal volume) characterized by a crescendo-decrescendo pattern of respiration between central apneas or central hypopneas.
Why does metabolic acidosis cause Kussmaul?
Kussmaul respirations are fast, deep breaths that occur in response to metabolic acidosis. Kussmaul respirations happen when
the body tries to remove carbon dioxide
, an acid, from the body by quickly breathing it out.
How does insulin help diabetes?
Sometimes, people with type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes need insulin therapy if other treatments haven't been able to keep blood glucose levels within the desired range. Insulin therapy
helps prevent diabetes complications by keeping your blood sugar within your target range
.
What happens during diabetic coma?
In a diabetic coma,
you are unconscious and unable to respond to your environment
. You are either suffering from high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) or low blood glucose (hypoglycemia). You need immediate medical attention if you go into a diabetic coma.
