The associative strength of a stimulus is expressed directly by the behavior it elicits/inhibits
. The salience of a CS (alpha in the equation) and the strength of the US (beta) are constants and do not change during training.
How does Rescorla-Wagner explain overshadowing?
Overshadowing is
classical conditioning phenomenon
which is explained well by the Rescorla-Wagner Model. … For example, if a CS
1
and CS
2
compound is used to predict a US, it can been seen that CS
2
elicits less conditioned response than if it had been paired with the US independently.
What does the Rescorla-Wagner model?
The Rescorla-Wagner model is
a formal model of the circumstances under which Pavlovian conditioning occurs
. It attempts to describe the changes in associative strength (V) between a signal (conditioned stimulus, CS) and the subsequent stimulus (unconditioned stimulus, US) as a result of a conditioning trial.
What was Rescorla’s experiment?
In 1968, Robert Rescorla (1968) reported a simple experiment that changed in fundamental ways our conception of what has generally been called
the associative process
, the process that mediates Pavlovian conditioning, and, arguably, much else.
Why is the Rescorla-Wagner model important?
One of the most important contributions made by the R-W model is that
it predicts Blocking and Unblocking
. Blocking occurs when a novel stimulus (because it is novel it has no predictive value) is presented together with a well-established CS (whose predictive value Page 2 is essentially equal to λ, that is, 1).
What is blocking in psychology?
Blocking refers to
the finding that less is learned about the relationship between a stimulus and an outcome
if pairings are conducted in the presence of a second stimulus that has previously been established as a reliable predictor of that outcome.
What was Little Albert conditioned to be afraid of?
The Little Albert Experiment demonstrated that classical conditioning—the association of a particular stimulus or behavior with an unrelated stimulus or behavior—works in human beings. In this experiment, a previously unafraid baby was conditioned to become
afraid of a rat
.
How has classical conditioning contributed to psychology?
John Watson proposed that the process of classical conditioning (based on Pavlov’s observations)
was able to explain all aspects of human psychology
. … Everything from speech to emotional responses was simply patterns of stimulus and response.
What is an example of overshadowing in psychology?
Overshadowing is when the first stimulus has no more stimulus control. An example is
a teenager who can study in a classroom, but not in front of the a group of cheerleaders
.
What did Rescorla and Wagner show about conditioning quizlet?
Robert Rescorla and Allen Wagner were the first to realize what about classical conditioning? …
those in a vegetative state showed trace conditioning but those who were unconscious did not.
What is biological preparedness?
Biological preparedness is the
idea that people and animals are inherently inclined to form associations between certain stimuli and responses
. This concept plays an important role in learning, particularly in understanding the classical conditioning process.
What is US preexposure effect?
The unconditioned stimulus preexposure effect (US-PE) refers
to the interference paradigm in which acquisition of the conditioned response is retarded due to prior experience with the US
. … The most widely accepted hypothesis explains this effect as a contextual blocking effect.
What is sensory preconditioning in psychology?
a form of classical conditioning established by initially pairing two neutral stimuli—A and B—and subsequently pairing A with an unconditioned stimulus
. Also called sensory conditioning. …
What did Robert Rescorla contribution to psychology?
Rescorla was perhaps the greatest pure experimental psychologist of the 20th century. He was the undisputable heir to Ivan Pavlov, the foundational figure in experimental psychology and the person who
introduced the phenomenon of the conditioned reflex
and provided its first theoretical interpretation.
What is the preparatory response theory?
The preparatory-response model was first proposed by Pavlov and is a type of classical conditioning. … An example of the preparatory-response theory involves
cases in which conditioning eventually results in a conditioned response that appears to be opposite of the original unconditioned response
.
What is the concept of blocking?
Blocking is a theatre term that refers
to the precise movement and positioning of actors on a stage in order to facilitate the performance of a play, ballet, film or opera
. … Each scene in a play is usually “blocked” as a unit, after which the director will move on to the next scene.
