Building on the purely biomedical model of pain, the biopsychosocial model
What are examples of biological influences?
Biological factors include
genetic influences, brain chemistry, hormone levels, nutrition, and gender
. Here is a closer look at nutrition and gender and how they affect development.
Is pain a biological or psychological?
Pain is more than a physical sensation – it
has psychological, emotional and biological components
. These components influence the intensity with which individuals experience pain, how debilitating the pain is, and how effective treatment is likely to be.
The biopsychosocial approach holds that the experience of
pain is determined by the interaction between biological, psychological
(e.g. cognition, behaviour, mood) and social (e.g. cultural) factors[2].
What are the psychological influences on pain?
The perception of, expression of, and reaction to pain are influenced by
genetic, developmental, familial, psychological, social and cultural variables
. Psychological factors, such as the situational and emotional factors that exist when we experience pain, can profoundly alter the strength of these perceptions.
What are the 4 types of pain?
- Nociceptive Pain: Typically the result of tissue injury. …
- Inflammatory Pain: An abnormal inflammation caused by an inappropriate response by the body's immune system. …
- Neuropathic Pain: Pain caused by nerve irritation. …
- Functional Pain: Pain without obvious origin, but can cause pain.
What are the three psychological factors associated with pain?
The psychosocial factors most closely associated with pain and dysfunction across the samples included (1)
catastrophizing cognitions
; (2) task persistence, guarding, and resting coping responses; and (3) perceived social support and solicitous responding social factors.
Is a biological factor that affects the personality?
Research from twin studies suggests that some aspects of our personalities are largely controlled by genetics. The biological approach to personality has also
identified areas and pathways within the brain
, as well as various hormones and neurotransmitters, that are associated with the development of personality.
What are biological influences on Behaviour?
Our social networks, personal interactions, and relationships are determined by
both our genes and the world
around us. Some behaviors may have a genetic basis, but genes do not actually control behavior. Rather, our genetic makeup influences how we interact with and respond to our surroundings.
What are biological risk factors?
Biological risk factors are defined as
living or dead biological material that may have harmful effects for humans or the environment
.
Is pain a learned behavior?
Pain can be a conditioned response,
or learned behavior
, rather than only a physical problem. The behavior begins purely in response to the presence of an injury, and then it is reinforced and becomes a conditioned response.
How do you measure psychological disorders?
Increasingly big data, and data linked to
hospital records
or social media mean other indicators of mental health including diagnosis, demographic details, health history, prescription information, referrals, psychologist attendance, or police records can be used, and may be useful for location specific studies.
What is a chronic pain condition?
Chronic or persistent pain is
pain that carries on for longer than 12 weeks despite medication or treatment
. Most people get back to normal after pain following an injury or operation. But sometimes the pain carries on for longer or comes on without any history of an injury or operation.
According to the biopsychosocial model, it is the deep interrelation of all three factors (
biological, psychological, social
) that leads to a given outcome—each component on its own is insufficient to lead definitively to health or illness.
It
emphasizes the unique interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors that need to be considered in better understanding pain syndromes
. Thus, treating the “whole” person is far more important than focusing merely on a disease. Instead, managing the illness is the most appropriate approach to take.
Biopsychosocial model
helps primary care doctors to understand interactions among biological and psychosocial components of illnesses
to improve the dyadic relationship between clinicians and their patients and multidisciplinary approaches in patient care.
