How Do You Break Down Metabolites?

Once in the liver, enzymes convert prodrugs to active metabolites or convert active drugs to inactive forms. The liver’s primary mechanism for metabolizing drugs is via

a specific group of cytochrome P-450 enzymes

.

How drugs are metabolized?

Drugs can be metabolized

by oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, hydration, conjugation, condensation, or isomerization

; whatever the process, the goal is to make the drug easier to excrete. The enzymes involved in metabolism are present in many tissues but generally are more concentrated in the liver.

How are metabolites detected?

High-throughput analytical platforms such as

nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography (GC)

, and/or liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) are employed to measure the metabolites within the biological matrix [6, 7].

What are the metabolites in urine?

The least abundant (detectable) metabolites in urine include

oxytocin (0.9 ± 0.1 pM/mM creatinine)

, angiotensin II (1.2 ± 0.2 pM/mM creatinine), 15-deoxy-d-12,14-PGJ2 (2.3 ± 1.0 pM/mM creatinine) and melatonin (3.3 ± 2.7 pM/mM creatinine).

What is metabolite of a drug?

Drug metabolism is

the chemical alteration of a drug by the body

. … Some drugs are chemically altered by the body (metabolized). The substances that result from metabolism (metabolites) may be inactive, or they may be similar to or different from the original drug in therapeutic activity or toxicity.

What are examples of metabolites?

Some common examples of primary metabolites include:

ethanol, lactic acid, and certain amino acids

. In higher plants such compounds are often concentrated in seeds and vegetative storage organs and are needed for physiological development because of their role in basic cell metabolism.

What are the types of metabolites?

The metabolites can be grouped into two major types:

primary and secondary

. Primary metabolites are those that are directly involved in the growth, development, and reproduction of an organism whereas secondary metabolites are those that are not.

What does half life mean for drugs?

The half-life of a drug is

the time it takes for the amount of a drug’s active substance in your body to reduce by half

. This depends on how the body processes and gets rid of the drug. It can vary from a few hours to a few days, or sometimes weeks.

What are the 3 phases of drug action?

Drug action usually occurs in three phases:

Pharmaceutical phase

.

Pharmacokinetic phase

.

Pharmacodynamic phase

.

Are all drugs metabolized in the liver?

Most drugs

must pass through the liver

, which is the primary site for drug metabolism. Once in the liver, enzymes convert prodrugs to active metabolites or convert active drugs to inactive forms.

What are the 4 metabolites found in the urine?

Other than the inorganic ions and gases such as sodium (14.7 ± 9.0 mM/mM creatinine – average value), chlorine (8.8 ± 6.2 mM/mM creatinine), potassium (4.6 ± 0.1 mM/mM creatinine), ammonia (2.8 ± 0.9 mM/mM creatinine), the 4 most abundant organic metabolites found in urine (based on average values) are

urea (22.5 ± 4.4

…

How many metabolites are in urine?

Approximately 4500 metabolites

have been documented in urine,

^{19 , 21}

showing connections to approximately 600 human conditions

^{18 , 19}

including but not limited to: obesity,

²²

cancer,

²³

inflammation,

²⁴

neurological disease,

²⁵

and infectious disease.

Do drug tests look for metabolites?

Many drugs are rapidly metabolized into active or inactive metabolites. Drug testing

is dependent on detecting these metabolites

.

Which of the following is the primary metabolites?

Examples of primary metabolites include

alcohols such as ethanol, lactic acid, and certain amino acids

. Within the field of industrial microbiology, alcohol is one of the most common primary metabolites used for large-scale production.

What are primary and secondary metabolites give examples?

Some examples of primary metabolites

How many metabolites are there?