Shaping
is the use of reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior. Specifically, when using a shaping technique, each approximate desired behavior that is demonstrated is reinforced, while behaviors that are not approximations of the desired behavior are not reinforced.
What is the process of reinforcing behaviors that successively approximate a desired behavior?
Shaping
is a method of operant conditioning by which successive approximations of a target behavior are reinforced.
What is learning behaviors successive approximations of desired behaviors in response to consequences?
Shaping
is the method of successive approximations. Shaping reinforces the behaviors as they get closer and closer to the desired behavior. Negative Reinforcement is anything that increases a behavior that results in the reinforcers removal.
Which theorist worked with dogs who were exposed to inescapable shocks and ultimately proposed the theory of learned helplessness?
Learned helplessness occurs when people or animals feel helpless to avoid negative situations.
Martin Seligman
first observed learned helplessness when he was doing experiments on dogs. He noticed that the dogs didn’t try to escape the shocks if they had been conditioned to believe that they couldn’t escape.
When behavioral psychologists reinforce successive approximations to the desired response they are using the process of?
Shaping
involves reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behaviour. It is widely used by animal trainers to teach the animals to perform tricks. Chaining involves one response leading to the occurance of another response. Most behaviours occur in chains.
How do you shape your behavior?
- Positive reinforcement.
- Negative reinforcement.
- Punishment.
- Extinction.
- Schedules of reinforcement.
What is positive punishment?
Positive punishment is
a form of behavior modification
. … Positive punishment is adding something to the mix that will result in an unpleasant consequence. The goal is to decrease the likelihood that the unwanted behavior will happen again in the future.
What are the two types of behavioral learning?
- Classical Conditioning.
- Operant Conditioning.
- Observational Learning.
Is the sudden reappearance of an extinguished response?
Spontaneous recovery
is the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus returns after a period of absence. Stimulus generalization is the tendency to respond to a new stimulus as if it is the original conditioned stimulus.
What types of behaviors would not be considered learning?
Instincts and reflexes
are innate behaviors—they occur naturally and do not involve learning. In contrast, learning is a change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience.
What was the learned helplessness experiment trying to prove?
Learned helplessness, the failure to escape shock induced by uncontrollable aversive events, was discovered half a century ago. Seligman and Maier (1967) theorized that
animals learned that outcomes were independent of their responses
—that nothing they did mattered – and that this learning undermined trying to escape.
What are the 3 elements of learned helplessness?
Learned helplessness is a behavior pattern involving a maladaptive response characterized by avoidance of challenges, negative affect, and the collapse of problem-solving strategies when obstacles arise. Three components are necessary for learned helplessness to be present:
contingency, cognition, and behavior
.
Which of the following is are associated with Bandura’s model of observational learning?
Observational learning is a major component of Bandura’s
social learning theory
. He also emphasized that four conditions were necessary in any form of observing and modeling behavior: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
What is Behaviour modification in psychology?
Behavior modification is
the process of changing patterns of human behavior over the long term using various motivational techniques
, mainly consequences (negative reinforcement) and rewards (positive reinforcement).
What is an example of negative punishment?
Losing access to a toy, being grounded, and losing reward tokens
are all examples of negative punishment. In each case, something good is being taken away as a result of the individual’s undesirable behavior.
Is classical conditioning the association that is learned is between A?
In classical conditioning the organism learns a new association between
two stimuli
– a stimulus that did not previously elicit the response and one that naturally elicited the response. In classical conditioning, the response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior training or learning.
