A trough is the stage of the economy’s business cycle that marks the end of a period of declining business activity and the transition to expansion . The business cycle is the upward and downward movement of gross domestic product and consists of recessions and expansions that end in peaks and troughs.
What is considered a trough?
Peak and trough levels indicate drug levels in an individual’s body. A peak is the highest level of a medication in the blood, while a trough level indicates the lowest concentration . Troughs of medication concentration occur after the drug has been broken down and metabolized by the body.
Is a trough a recession?
A: Recessions and expansions refer to the direction of change in economic activity, not its level. The interval between the peak and the trough designates a recession , a period when economic activity is contracting. The subsequent period designates an expansion when economic activity is increasing.
What stage begins at trough?
Trough. In the depression stage , the economy’s growth rate becomes negative. There is further decline until the prices of factors, as well as the demand and supply of goods and services, contract to reach their lowest point. The economy eventually reaches the trough.
What is peak in business cycle?
A peak is the highest point between the end of an economic expansion and the start of a contraction in a business cycle. The peak of the cycle refers to the last month before several key economic indicators, such as employment and new housing starts, begin to fall.
What causes a trough?
Formation. A trough is the result of the movements of the air in the atmosphere . In regions where there is upward movement near the ground and divergence at altitude, there is a loss of mass. The pressure becomes lower at this point.
How is peak and trough performed?
A trough level is drawn immediately before the next dose of the drug is administered. A peak level is drawn 1 to several hours after the drug is administered (depending on the drug).
What is trough concentration pharmacokinetics?
Pharmacokinetic definitions
Trough concentration: the concentration of drug in the blood immediately before the next dose is administered , although this does not necessarily represent the lowest concentration during a dosing interval.
Which phase of the business cycle occurs immediately before a trough?
Contraction , in economics, refers to a phase of the business cycle in which the economy as a whole is in decline. A contraction generally occurs after the business cycle peaks, but before it becomes a trough.
When an economy is between the peak and the trough of a business cycle it is?
These three P’s correspond to the three D’s of recession. An expansion begins at the trough (or bottom) of a business cycle and continues until the next peak, while a recession starts at that peak and continues until the following trough.
What are the stages of a business cycle?
The business cycle has four phases: expansion, peak, contraction, and trough , as shown in Figure 1.
What are the main stages of a business cycle?
The four stages of the cycle are expansion, peak, contraction, and trough . Factors such as GDP, interest rates, total employment, and consumer spending, can help determine the current stage of the economic cycle.
What are the five stages of the business cycle?
Whether you are a new business owner or have run your small business for years, it is wise to familiarize yourself with the five cycles of change: startup, growth, maturity, transition and succession .
What are the 4 phases of the business cycle quizlet?
The four phases of the business cycle are peak, recession, trough, and expansion .
How long is a business cycle?
The time from one economic peak to the next, or one recessive trough to the next, is considered a business cycle. From the year 1945 to the year 2009, the NBER defined eleven cycles, with the average cycle lasting a bit over 5-1/2 years .
When the economy reaches a trough in a business cycle which of the following will occur?
When the economy reaches a trough in a business cycle, which of the following will occur? Income, production, and employment will begin to rise .
What is trough and ridge?
Ridges and troughs are often mentioned on the weather forecast. A ridge is an elongated area of relatively high pressure extending from the center of a high-pressure region. A trough is an elongated area of relatively low pressure extending from the center of a region of low pressure.
What are trough characteristics?
The primary characteristic of a trough is that it is a region with relatively lower heights . Height is a primary function of the average temperature of the air below that height surface.
What is a trough in a graph?
The opposite of peak in a graph – the lowest part of the line on a graph, between where it falls and rises .
What is a peak and trough test?
– ‘Peak’ levels refer to the highest blood concentration of a drug after administration . – ‘Trough’ levels refer to the lowest blood concentration of a drug after administration .
What is peak and trough analysis?
Peaks and troughs are patterns that are developed by the price action experienced by all securities . The easiest way to determine whether or not a trendline has been broken is to witness the breakdown and then replacement of either rising or falling peaks and troughs.
When should peak and trough levels be drawn for vancomycin?
Draw trough specimen immediately before (≤30 min) next dose. Draw peak specimen 1-2 hours after completion of intravenous dosage .
How do you calculate a trough?
To increase the therapeutic utility of an early vancomycin trough concentration, an estimate of the true trough can be determined by extrapolating the measured value using e − Kt , where K = CrCl × 0.00083 + 0.0044 and t is the time difference in hours .
When should peak and trough levels be drawn for gentamicin?
Patients who require treatment with gentamicin often require monitoring, which includes peak and trough levels. Peak levels are typically evaluated 30 minutes after completion of the infusion. Trough levels should be drawn immediately before the dose is administered .
What is the meaning of CMIN?
Cmin is a term used in pharmacokinetics that usually refers to the minimum plasma concentration that a drug achieves in tested area after the drug has been administrated and prior to the administration of a second dose . Cmin is the opposite of Cmax, which is the maximum concentration that a drug achieves after dosing.
