in the single cycle processor, the cycle time was determined by the slowest instruction. in the multi-cycle design, the cycle time is determined by the slowest functional unit [memory, registers, alu] .
What does instruction memory do?
The Instruction Memory (IM) stores all the prefetch instructions . It is composed of 5 major components: the PC (Program Counter) Unit, PC Decoder, INBUF (an input buffer to the IM), IM Storage, OUTBUF (an output buffer to the internal bus). All the memory elements (registers/latches) are qualified with clka.
What is the clock cycle time determined by?
A computer processor or CPU speed is determined by the clock cycle, which is the amount of time between two pulses of an oscillator . Generally speaking, the higher number of pulses per second, the faster the computer processor can to process information.
What is the cycle time of a memory?
Cycle time is the time, usually measured in nanosecond s, between the start of one random access memory ( RAM ) access to the time when the next access can be started .
Can cycles per instruction be less than 1?
Since then, CPUs that use techniques such as superscalar execution and multicore computing have reduced this even further. Such CPUs can (on average) use less than 1 cycle per instruction . “CPI” is a throughput measure of how many instructions are completed (on average) for a given number of clocks.
In which cycle the memory is read and the contents of memory at the address Containedin the PC Regtister are loaded into into IR?
| Q. In which cycle the memory is read and the contents of memory at the address containedin the PC register are loaded into in to IR. | B. Memory Cycle | C. Fetch Cycle | D. Decode Cycle | Answer» c. Fetch Cycle |
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What is data memory and instruction memory?
Instruction memory is the memory that instructions are fetched from, and data memory is the memory where the data is written to and read from .
Why do we need memory instructions in the computer?
Memory is the electronic holding place for the instructions and data a computer needs to reach quickly. It’s where information is stored for immediate use. Memory is one of the basic functions of a computer, because without it, a computer would not be able to function properly .
How does the microprocessor distinguish that what it gets from the memory is instruction and not data?
How does the microprocessor differentiate between data and instruction? When the first m/c code of an instruction is fetched and decoded in the instruction register, the microprocessor recognizes the number of bytes required to fetch the entire instruction .
In which cycle the memory is read and the contents of memory?
Explanation: The memory cycle includes reading the data out of memory and/or writing the data into memory, either by a read/write operation or by separate read and write operations.
What factors determine the maximum clock frequency?
In a typical sequential circuit design there are often millions of flip-flop to flip-flop paths that need to be considered in calculating the maximum clock frequency. This frequency must be determined by locating the longest path among all the flip-flop paths in the circuit .
What are the factors on which the execution time of a task depends on?
The execution time or CPU time, which we call C i , is the total amount of time that the process executes; that time is generally independent of the initiation time but often depends on the input data . We often define deadlines for periodic processes, but we may also want to define a deadline for an aperiodic process.
How does access time affect memory?
(1) Memory access time is how long it takes for a character in RAM to be transferred to or from the CPU . Fast RAM chips have an access time of 10 nanoseconds (ns) or less. See SDRAM. (2) Disk access time is how long it takes to obtain the first data character after initiating a request.
What is the difference between access time and cycle time of a memory?
Access time is sometimes used as a synonym (although IBM deprecates it). Cycle time consists of latency (the overhead of finding the right place for the memory access and preparing to access it) and transfer time.
What is a time cycle?
The cycle time is the amount of time it takes to complete a specific task from start to finish . You can think of it as the time it takes to produce one unit or item from beginning to end.
Does pipelining increase CPI?
pipelining increases average throughput for the same clock speed, which is exactly the same thing as decreasing average CPI . Or it lets you increase the clock speed if your CPU’s clock was so slow that it could do everything for a whole instruction in one clock cycle.
How many cycles does a multiplication take?
Multiplication typically takes around 6 cycles , and division often 30 to 60 cycles.
What is the latency of a single instruction in cycles?
For a single-cycle processor, all instructions have a latency of one clock cycle . In contrast, for the simple four-stage pipeline described so far, all instructions have a latency of four cycles.
In which cycle the memory is read and the contents of memory at the address contained in the PC register are loaded into instruction register?
Fetch Stage : The next instruction is fetched from the memory address that is currently stored in the program counter and stored into the instruction register. At the end of the fetch operation, the PC points to the next instruction that will be read at the next cycle.
Which register holds the data during a memory transfer?
In a computer, the memory address register (MAR) is the CPU register that either stores the memory address from which data will be fetched to the CPU, or the address to which data will be sent and stored.
What happens during instruction cycle?
The instruction cycle (also known as the fetch–decode–execute cycle, or simply the fetch-execute cycle) is the cycle that the central processing unit (CPU) follows from boot-up until the computer has shut down in order to process instructions .
Why instruction memory and data memory are separated?
The data path must have separate instruction and data memories because the formats of data and instructions are different in MIPS and hence different memories are used .
Is RAM a memory program?
RAM is just that... RAM. If your data is fixed (like a sine table or something similar) you want to put it into program memory .
Where are instructions stored in memory?
The CPU is the heart of the computer. A program is a sequence of instructions stored in main memory .
Which of the memory Characetistics directly decides the speed of the memory?
Memory cycle time :
It is the shortest time that has to elapse between the consecutive access request to the same memory location. It characterizes the overall speed of the memory.
What is difference between primary memory and secondary memory?
Primary memory is the main memory of the computer which can be directly accessed by the central processing unit, whereas secondary memory refers to the external storage device which can be used to store data or information permanently.
