Break the chain by cleaning your hands frequently, staying up to date on your vaccines (including the flu shot), covering coughs and sneezes and staying home when sick, following the rules for standard and contact isolation, using personal protective equipment the right way, cleaning and disinfecting the environment, …
What may make a host more or less susceptible to an infectious disease?
Several factors make a person more susceptible to disease including age (young people and elderly people generally are more at risk), underlying chronic diseases such as diabetes or asthma, conditions that weaken the immune system like HIV, certain types of medications, invasive devices like feeding tubes, and …
What is disease cycle in human?
This cycle includes
phases of growth, consolidation, change of structure, multiplication/reproduction, spread, and infection of a new host
. The combination of these phases is called the development of the pathogen.
What factors determine the extent to which an infectious agent can cause an infection?
The number, route, mode of transmission, and stability of an infectious agent outside the host
determines its infectivity.
What type of organisms can cause infections?
- Bacteria. These one-cell organisms are responsible for illnesses such as strep throat, urinary tract infections and tuberculosis.
- Viruses. Even smaller than bacteria, viruses cause a multitude of diseases ranging from the common cold to AIDS.
- Fungi. …
- Parasites.
What are transmission based precautions in infection control?
Transmission-Based Precautions are
the second tier of basic infection control
and are to be used in addition to Standard Precautions for patients who may be infected or colonized with certain infectious agents for which additional precautions are needed to prevent infection transmission.
What factors does not make an individual a susceptible host?
- diseases like HIV/AIDS which suppress immunity.
- poorly developed or immature immunity, as in very young children.
- not being vaccinated.
- poor nutritional status (e.g. malnourished children)
- pregnancy.
How immune status affects susceptibility to infection?
The immune system keeps a record of every microbe it has ever defeated, in types of white blood cells (B- and T-lymphocytes) known as memory cells. This means
it can recognise and destroy the microbe quickly if it enters the body again, before it can multiply and make you feel sick
.
What factors increase the risk of infection?
- Diminished immune response.
- Advanced age.
- Malnutrition.
- The presence of multiple chronic diseases, a status that is often accompanied by many different medications.
- Cognitive deficits that may complicate compliance with basic sanitary practices, such as hand washing.
What are three factors that influence the spread of emerging diseases?
Population demographics are altered by
population growth, migration, and differential mortality
; the unique interaction of these factors has contributed to the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases.
What causes infectious disease?
Infectious diseases in humans are caused by microorganisms including:
Viruses that invade and multiply inside healthy cells
. Bacteria, or small, single-celled organisms capable of causing disease. Fungi, which include many different kinds of fungus.
What is an example of a susceptible host?
A reservoir such as
a human and an agent such as an amoeba
. The mode of transmission can include direct contact, droplets, a vector such as a mosquito, a vehicle such as food, or the airborne route. The susceptible host has multiple portals of entry such as the mouth or a syringe.
How does a bacterial infection disrupt homeostasis?
Harmful Bacteria
Bacteria can also disrupt homeostasis in your body, and can make you sick. Any substance that causes disease is called a pathogen.
Your body reacts to pathogens to try and maintain homeostasis
, and certain symptoms will appear as your body tries to get back on track.
What are the body’s natural barriers against pathogens?
Natural barriers include
the skin, mucous membranes, tears, earwax, mucus, and stomach acid
. Also, the normal flow of urine washes out microorganisms that enter the urinary tract. to identify and eliminate organisms that get through the body’s natural barriers. (See also Overview of Infectious Disease.
In what ways do Exotoxins usually affect host cells?
An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by
destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism
. They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may be secreted, or, similar to endotoxins, may be released during lysis of the cell.
What are the effects of diseases?
Diseases can affect people not only physically, but also mentally, as contracting and living with a disease can
alter the affected person’s perspective on life
. Death due to disease is called death by natural causes.
Which of the following diseases is not caused by microorganisms?
So, the correct option is
malaria
.
How does bacteria and bacterial spores cause infection?
Spores are inhaled and deposited into the lung tissue, where they proceed to germinate and spread through lymph nodes
, rapidly causing systemic disease, massive tissue damage, shock and death (14).
Which action is the best precaution against transmission of infection?
Hand hygiene
is the most important measure to prevent the spread of infections among patients and DHCP.
What are the 4 types of precautions?
- Contact Precautions. …
- Droplet Precautions. …
- Airborne Precautions. …
- Eye Protection.
What precaution should nurses take to prevent an airborne infection?
Airborne precautions are guidelines for the care of a person who has a disease that spreads through germs (particles) in the air. If you are a patient,
keep the door to your room closed and wear a mask
. If you are a visitor, check with the nurse before you enter the room, and wear a mask.
What are the factors that affect host immunity?
- Hand Washing. People tend to overestimate their hygiene. …
- Sleep Cycles. The immune system is influenced by the sleep-wake cycles of our circadian rhythms. …
- Nutrients From Food. …
- Cortisol Levels. …
- Supplement Intake.
What are susceptibility factors?
In this article, we define “susceptibility factors” broadly to include populations at risk (e.g., the very young, elderly, or genetically at risk), known risk factors, and known protective factors (“farm” exposure in utero or in infancy).
How does age affect susceptibility to infection?
As you grow older, your immune system does not work as well. The following immune system changes may occur:
The immune system becomes slower to respond
. This increases your risk of getting sick.
How does the immune system affect the symptoms of a disease?
White blood cells, antibodies, and other mechanisms go to work to rid your body of the foreign invader. Indeed, many of the symptoms that make a person suffer during an infection—
fever, malaise, headache, rash
—result from the activities of the immune system trying to eliminate the infection from the body.
What problems prevent the immune system from working properly?
Sometimes a person’s immune system does not work properly. This can result from
immune deficiencies present at birth; medications that suppress the immune system, like steroids; unnecessary or overzealous immune responses, such as allergies; or immune responses to one’s self, called autoimmunity
.
