The answer comes when we consider an individual’s inclusive fitness, which is the sum of an individual’s direct fitness, the number of offspring produced, and indirect fitness, the
number of relatives (nieces and nephews) produced multiplied by the degree of relatedness of those individuals
.
Which is an example of inclusive fitness?
Synalpheus regalis, a eusocial shrimp
, also is an example of an organism whose social traits meet the inclusive fitness criterion. The larger defenders protect the young juveniles in the colony from outsiders. By ensuring the young’s survival, the genes will continue to be passed on to future generations.
What is inclusive fitness determined by?
To expand, inclusive fitness theory finds that selection on a gene for social behaviour is determined by
the gene’s effects not only on the direct fitness of the bearer
but also on the direct fitness of other individuals bearing the same gene (co-bearers, usually relatives) affected by the behaviour (box 1).
Is inclusive fitness the same as kin selection?
Thus, in contrast to inclusive fitness, which considers genetic traits in both related and unrelated individuals,
kin selection is concerned only with relatives
.
How do you measure inclusive fitness?
To obtain inclusive fitness, one should
subtract from reproductive success ‘all components
which can be considered as due to the individual’s social environ ment’, then add all effects of the individual on his neighbours, weighted by the coefficient of relationship
What is Hamilton’s rule?
Specifically, Hamilton’s rule states that
the change in average trait value in a population is proportional to BR−C
. This rule is commonly believed to be a natural law making important predictions in biology, and its influence has spread from evolutionary biology to other fields including the social sciences.
Why is inclusive fitness significant?
Inclusive fitness is particularly useful as
a design principle because it is can be conceptualized as an individual level property
. Although it is possible to search for design principles at the level of the gene or the group, students of behavior tend to predict and measure organismal phenotypes.
What is Hamilton’s rule of inclusive fitness?
Hamilton’s rule underlies the theory of inclusive fitness (in which an organism’s genetic success is believed to be derived from cooperation and altruistic behaviour. … Given that the average genetic relatedness (that is, r) between two full sisters is 0.5, then according to Hamilton’s rule
(0.5 × 1) > 0.25
.
What are fitness traits?
Fitness traits, also referred to as life-history traits, include
measures of fertility and mortality and are complex phenotypes that are direct targets of Darwinian selection
. … Standing variation in any of those genes could contribute to interindividual differences in fitness in natural populations.
What is the difference between direct and indirect fitness?
individual survival and reproduction (direct fitness) and
any impact that an individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives
(indirect fitness).
What is fitness theory?
Inclusive fitness theory suggests
that altruism among organisms who share a given percentage of genes enables those genes to be passed on to subsequent generations
. … The idea of inclusive fitness was first proposed in 1932 by British geneticist J.B.S. Haldane in The Causes of Evolution.
Is altruism inclusive fitness?
Altruism describes an organism’s behavior when it experiences a cost (including possible death) to increase the fitness of another organism. … However,
inclusive fitness also includes the fitness of those genes as
they pass through close relatives, influencing the strength of kin selection.
So the relatedness of child to father is
1⁄2 (genes from the father) plus 1⁄2 (genes from the mother) × r′
(probability that alleles inherited from the mother are also present in the father). The same reasoning applies to relatedness to the mother. Offspring are related to each parent by 1⁄2+1⁄2 r′.
What Animals use kin selection?
The honeybee and other social insects
What is an altruistic act?
Altruism refers
to behavior that benefits another individual at a cost to oneself
. For example, giving your lunch away is altruistic because it helps someone who is hungry, but at a cost of being hungry yourself. … Recent work suggests that humans behave altruistically because it is emotionally rewarding.
What is Hamilton’s rule and kin selection?
The central explanatory principle of kin selection theory is Hamilton’s rule, which says that
a gene coding for a social behavior will be favored by natural selection if and only if rb > c, where b represents the benefit that the behavior confers on the recipient, c represents the cost that it imposes on the actor, and
…
