A set of chemical reactions in a cell that occurs when a molecule, such as a hormone, attaches to a receptor on the cell membrane
. Thus, the pathway is a method by which molecules inside the cell can be altered by molecules on the outside. …
How does the signal transduction pathway work?
Signal transduction pathways
amplify the incoming signal by a signaling cascade using a network of enzymes that act on one another
in specific ways to ultimately generate a precise and appropriate physiological response by the cell.
What are the steps of a signal transduction pathway?
- First, reception, whereby the signal molecule binds the receptor.
- Then, signal transduction, which is where the chemical signal results in a series of enzyme activations.
- Finally, the response, which is the resulting cellular responses.
Which type of pathway is a signal transduction pathway?
Signal
relay pathways. Learn how signals are relayed inside a cell starting from the cell membrane receptor. The chains of molecules that relay intracellular signals are known as intracellular signal transduction pathways.
What is receptors in signal transduction?
Receptors are generally transmembrane proteins, which
bind to signaling molecules outside the cell
and subsequently transmit the signal through a sequence of molecular switches to internal signaling pathways.
What are the functions of signal transduction pathways quizlet?
What are the functions of signal transduction pathways? Signal transduction pathways
allow different types of cells to respond differently to the same signal molecule
. Signal transduction pathways convert a signal on a cell’s surface to a specific cellular response.
What term is used to describe a signaling molecule?
Signaling molecules are often called
ligands
, a general term for molecules that bind specifically to other molecules (such as receptors). The message carried by a ligand is often relayed through a chain of chemical messengers inside the cell.
What is a signal transduction pathway AP biology?
AP Biology
The signal transduction pathway is
when a small collection of signal molecules produce a large response across the cell
. … Reception occurs when the signal (can be a chemical, peptide, or protein) is detected when the ligand (signaling molecule) binds to the receptor protein in a target cell.
What is a benefit of signal transduction pathways?
It
allows cells to respond to many different stimuli in an efficient way
.
What are the possible results of a signal transduction pathway?
Possible results of a signal transduction pathway are
regulating protein synthesis, regulating the activity of proteins, and affecting metabolism
.
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION
Any process occurring within cells that convert one kind of signal/stimulus into another type
. It also known as cell signaling in which the transmission of molecular signals from a cell’s exterior to its interior.
How would you describe the spatial pattern of gene expression in the embryo paw lacking segment C as compared to the control and to the paw lacking segments B and C?
How would you describe the spatial pattern of gene expression in the embryo paw lacking segment C as compared to the control and to the paw lacking segments B and C?
The digit zones are not visibly stained as they are in the control and the paw lacking B and C.
When a signal transduction pathway involves a phosphorylation cascade?
Many signal transduction pathways include a series of such interactions, in which each phosphorylated protein kinase in turn phosphorylates the next protein kinase in the series. Such phosphorylation cascades
carry a signal from outside the cell to the cellular protein(s)
that will carry out the response.
Which statement about intracellular receptors in a signal transduction pathway is true quizlet?
Which statement about intracellular receptors in a signal transduction pathway is true?
Intracellular receptors undergo a conformational change when activated.
What are the two benefits of having signaling pathways with numerous steps?
If some of the molecules in a pathway transmit the signal to numerous molecules at the next step in the series, the result can be a large number of activated molecules at the end of the pathway. Moreover, multistep pathways
provide more opportunities for coordination and regulation than simpler systems do
.
What is signal transduction cascade?
The signal transduction cascade begins when adenylyl cyclase, a membrane- bound enzyme,
becomes activated by G-protein molecules associated with the adrenergic receptor
. Adenylyl cyclase creates multiple cyclic AMP molecules, which fan out and activate protein kinases (PKA, in this example).
Why would signal transduction pathways be under strong selection pressure?
7. Describe why signal transduction pathways are under strong selective pressures?
Because they need to be very selective so that they do not respond to an incorrect stimulus or produce a molecule that could be mistaken for another one
.
What is phosphorylase role in this signal transduction pathway?
In its activated state, glycogen phosphorylase
produces the cellular response to epinephrine
. Glycogen phosphorylase breaks down glycogen into its component glucose molecules. During the process, the enzyme adds a phosphate group to each of the glucose subunits.
What term is used to describe a signaling molecule quizlet?
Terms in this set (31)
What term is used to describe a signaling molecule.
Ligand
. A signal _______________ pathway is initiated when a ligand binds to a receptor protein.
Which statement about membrane receptors in a signal transduction pathway is true?
Which statement about membrane receptors in a signal transduction pathway is true?
Ligands bind to the extracellular binding domain and do not enter the cell.
Why do you think cellular signaling pathways and mechanisms are so universal among life’s domains?
It is thought that
cellular pathways evolved from common ancestors
. Biologists have discovered universal mechanisms of cellular regulation involving the same small set of cell-signaling mechanisms. The presence of these mechanisms everywhere provides additional evidence for the evolutionary relatedness of all life.
How a signaling pathway can have multiple physiological effects on a cell or organism?
How a signaling pathway can have multiple physiological effects on a cell or organism. … This is essentially
hormonal or long distance signaling
, where endocrine cells secrete hormones and these will bind to receptors to trigger a specific response after transduction. Hormones travel through the bloodstream.
What is a major advantage of molecular signal transduction over other signaling mechanisms?
A major advantage of such chemical signaling schemes is
signal amplification
. Amplification occurs because individual signaling reactions can produce a large number of products.
What is the normal response of the signal transduction pathway what kinds of cellular processes are altered upon receipt of a signal?
The initiation of a signaling pathway results in a cellular response to changes in the external environment. This response can take many different forms, including
protein synthesis, a change in cell metabolism, cell division and growth, or even cell death
.
What are the different types of receptors found in a signal transduction pathway?
Three general categories of cell-surface receptors include:
ion -channel, G- protein, and enzyme -linked protein receptors
. Ion channel -linked receptors bind a ligand and open a channel through the membrane that allows specific ions to pass through.
Which of the following best explains the relationship between a signal transduction pathway and gene expression?
Which of the following best explains the relationship between a signal transduction pathway and gene expression? The
signal transduction pathway produces a signal that actives a gene, leading to production of a protein
.
Which of these is true of the cytoplasm of an unfertilized egg see Concept 18.4 page?
Which of these is true of the cytoplasm of an unfertilized egg? It is
an unevenly distributed mixture of mRNA, proteins, organelles, and other substances
. … Different genes are expressed so that different proteins are produced.
What information can not be obtained from the sequence of a gene quizlet?
What information can not be obtained from the sequence of a gene?
Whether the gene is methylated
. Although the gene’s sequence may reveal the presence of methylation targets like cytosine (C), it does not give information about whether such bases have been methylated. What is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
How are signal transduction pathways turned off?
It is the result of decrease in the cellular response to a second messenger. The most obvious method for turning off a signal is
the dissociation of the ligand from the receptor
. Ligand dissociation can be induced (a cellular process),or can occur due to a decrease in the circulating ligand concentration.
What is the role of signal transduction in bacteria?
Signal transduction occurs through the transfer of phosphoryl groups from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to a specific histidine residue in the histidine kinases (HK). … Two-component signal transduction systems enable
bacteria to sense, respond and adapt to a wide range of environments, stressors and growth conditions
.
Which type of DNA library represents the genes expressed by a given cell at a certain time?
Which type of DNA library represents the genes expressed by a given cell at a certain time?
cDNA libraries
represent expressed genes from specific cell types under specific conditions.
Which of the following is the best explanation for the fact that most transduction pathways have multiple steps?
Which of the following is the best explanation for the fact that most transduction pathways have multiple steps?
Multiple steps provide for greater possible amplification of a signal.
How do intracellular receptors differ from membrane receptors?
How do intracellular receptors differ from membrane receptors? Intracellular receptors
are located within a cell and bind to molecules that cross directly through the membrane
. … Membrane receptors bind to a signal molecule on the outside of a cell.
