If a canal has a horizontal floor , the gradient can be taken as the difference in head between upstream and downstream. The slope S of the canal bottom is
expressed as metres of head per metre of canal length
, for example S = 0.01 or 1 percent. The greater the value of S, the greater the flow .
What is side slope of canal?
SIDE SLOPE CANAL: A side slope canal is that
which is aligned at right angles to the contours
; i.e. along the side slopes. It is a canal which is aligned roughly at right angle to contours of the country but not on watershed or valley.
What is normal gradient of canal?
Inner side slopes of canals often take values of
around 1:1.5 to 1:2.5
, and in cases where soil character is especially of good quality and the canal size is small, inner side slopes shall be able to be steeper within a range where no trouble occurs on the slope stability.
What determines the slope of a river?
Gradient is the slope of the stream and is measured by
the difference in elevation between two points on a stream divided by the distance between the two points that the water actually flows
.
Is canal code a design?
| Sl No IS Code Details | Canal and Canal Linings | 1 IS 3873:1993 LAYING .CEMENT CONCRETE/STONE SLAB LINING ON CANALS | 2 IS 7112:2002 CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF CROSS-SECTION FOR UNLINED CANALS IN ALLUVIAL SOIL | 3 IS 9451:1994 GUIDELINES FOR LINING OF CANALSIN EXPANSIVE SOILS |
|---|
What is bed slope?
The Slope of bed is
used to calculate the shear stress at the bed of an open channel containing fluid that is undergoing steady, uniform flow
. It is widely used in river engineering, stream restoration, sedimentology, and fluvial geomorphology.
What is the load of a stream?
Stream load is a
geologic term referring to the solid matter carried by a stream
(Strahler and Strahler, 2006). Erosion and bed shear stress continually remove mineral material from the bed and banks of the stream channel, adding this material to the regular flow of water.
What is the curve of a river called?
These are called meandering rivers. … Meandering rivers erode sediment. from the outer curve of each meander bend and deposit it on an inner curve further down stream. This causes individual
meanders
to grow larger and larger over time.
Where is stream gradient usually greatest?
Stream gradients tend to be higher in
a stream’s headwaters (where it originates)
and lower at their mouth, where they discharge into another body of water (such as the ocean).
What is berm in canal?
A berm is
a level space, shelf, or raised barrier
(usually made of compacted soil) separating areas in a vertical way, especially part-way up a long slope. It can serve as a terrace road, track, path, a fortification line, a border/separation barrier for navigation, good drainage, industry, or other purposes.
What are the types of canal lining?
Reinforced polyethylene (RPE)
is the best of the geomembranes for canal uses, but the combination low density polyethylene (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) materials can also work well for some designs.
How do you determine the slope of a bed?
Calculate the channel slope. Using the formula,
slope equals change in elevation divided by ground distance
. For example, if the ground distance is 11/16 or 0.69 inches and the scale factor is 1 inch equals 2,000 feet per inch, this equals 1,380 feet. The channel slope is 10 divided by 1,380, which equals 0.0072.
What is critical slope?
Critical Slope: Critical slope is that
channel slope for a particular channel and discharge
, at which the normal depth for uniform flow will be the same as the critical depth. Critical slope varies with both the roughness and geometric shape of the channel and with the discharge.
What is mild slope?
Mild Slope is
less than the critical slope and the normal depth is greater than critical depth (yn>yc)
. The flow is subcritical and controlled downstream. M1 profiles are common where mild slope streams enter a pool.
How do streams become graded?
The
factors that make a river larger and the factors that make it smaller balance out
. This is when it becomes a graded stream. … Well, the faster, thinner and steeper parts of the stream erode a lot of material. But the slower, wider, and shallower parts of the stream deposit more material than they erode.
