When you are referencing the same source in two (or more) footnotes the second and subsequent references should be entered as “
Ibid.
” and the page number for the relevant footnote. Use “Ibid.” without any page number if the page is the same as the previous reference.
How do you cite the same reference twice in footnotes?
When citing the same source in multiple footnotes one after the other,
cite the source in full the first time
, and then use the abbreviated form for all subsequent citations until another source is cited (pp. 759-60).
How do you reference something that has already been referenced?
Your in-text citation should include both authors:
the author
(s) of the original source and the author(s) of the secondary source. For example: (Habermehl, 1985, as cited in Kersten, 1987). In your reference list you should provide the details of the secondary source (the source you read).
How do you cite a source already cited in Chicago?
Chicago style has two possible style formats: author-‐‐date and note. Include the original author and date in the sentence, and then
cite the source for that quote in parentheses
, including author, date, and page number: (as cited in Beaujot 2000, 110).
Do footnotes go after punctuation?
Footnote or endnote numbers in
the text should follow punctuation
, and preferably be placed at the end of a sentence. … If you do place a note in the middle of a sentence, for example at the end of a quotation, the number should always come before a dash.
What is a secondary citation?
An indirect citation or secondary source is
when the ideas of one author are published in another author's text but you have not read or accessed the original author's work
. … Add “as cited in” before the author in the in-text reference. For example – (as cited in Lewis, 2019).
How do you write footnotes from the same source?
When you are referencing the same source in two (or more) footnotes the second and subsequent references should be entered as
“Ibid.
” and the page number for the relevant footnote. Use “Ibid.” without any page number if the page is the same as the previous reference.
Do you need to cite the same source multiple times?
According to the APA 7th edition, on page 254, “
it is considered overcitation to repeat the same citation in every sentence when the source and topic have not changed
.” So generally, as long as the reader can tell which source you are drawing on or responding to, you don't need to keep adding citations.
Can you use one footnote for multiple sentences?
If there is more than one sentence in a single paragraph that requires a footnote you may consolidate these by putting multiple sources in a single note and the end of the paragraph. …
You should NEVER use one footnote to refer to material
in more than a single paragraph of text .
What is supra note in citation?
Supra (Latin for “above”) is
an academic and legal citation signal used when a writer desires to refer a reader to an earlier-cited authority
. For example, an author wanting to refer to a source in their third footnote would cite: See supra note 3. Or for text in that note: See supra text accompanying note 3.
How do you do footnotes correctly?
- When a footnote must be placed at the end of a clause,
1
add the number after the comma. - When a footnote must be placed at the end of a sentence, add the number after the period. …
- Numbers denoting footnotes should always appear after punctuation, with the exception of one piece of punctuation
3
—the dash.
When should footnotes be used?
Like MLA, APA discourages the use of footnotes unless absolutely necessary. Even then, the guide recommends that footnotes only be used
to provide content notes
(such as providing brief, supplemental information about the text or directing readers to additional information) and to denote copyright permissions.
How do you write a secondary citation?
- Provide a reference list entry for the secondary source you are citing.
- In the text, identify the primary source and then write “as cited in” the secondary source that you used.
- If the year of publication is known for the primary source, also include it in the text.
What are some examples of primary and secondary sources?
| Primary source Secondary source | Photographs of a historical event Documentary about the historical event | Government documents about a new policy Newspaper article about the new policy | Music recordings Academic book about the musical style |
|---|
Do I cite the original source or secondary?
Citing a source that you found in another source is known as using a secondary source. You should
always try to read and cite the original work
(the primary source). If it is not possible to do this, you have to cite the original as contained in the secondary source.
