Indented writing is normally recovered by one of two methods: either photographically using oblique (glancing) light or by use of an apparatus commonly referred to as ESDA, short for Electro-static Detection Apparatus.
What are indented writings?
Writing that is transferred by the pressure of the writing instrument (pen, pencil, and so on) to the paper or other material that is beneath it. Indented writing is often undetectable to the naked eye and as such can be overlooked by a criminal.
What reveals text from indented impressions?
Revealing text from indented impressions ― Documents that may contain indented impressions not visible to the naked eye can be visualized through the use of an Electrostatic Detection Device (EDD) such as the Electrostatic Detection Apparatus (ESDA) .
How is indented writing analyzed?
Historically, indented writing was identified and deciphered by means of low angle oblique light and photography . More recently, an instrument known as an Electrostatic Detection Apparatus, or ESDA, is used to produce a visual image of the indented writing on transparency film.
What are the 3 types of handwriting forgery?
FORGERY is the creation of falsified material or the altering of any writing with the purpose of defrauding or cheating. There are four basic types of forgery: traced, simulation, freehand and lifted .
What is the simplest method for revealing indented writing?
What is the simplest method for revealing indented writing? The use of light being held at oblique angles towards a document is one of the simpler methods of examining indented writing.
What is a common method used to identify indented writings?
An electrostatic detection device, EDD or ESDA , is a specialized piece of equipment commonly used in questioned document examination to reveal indentations or impressions in paper that may otherwise go unnoticed.
Why is indented writing important?
Although commonly overlooked, indented writing may be of significant value in resolving questioned document issues . An image is produced providing tangible evidence of the continuity, or non-continuity, of entries made in a journal, medical record, accounting book, etc. ...
What is indentation process?
Indentation hardness tests are used in mechanical engineering to determine the hardness of a material to deformation . Several such tests exist, wherein the examined material is indented until an impression is formed; these tests can be performed on a macroscopic or microscopic scale.
What is traced forgery?
Traced forgery: In this type, the writer traces over a signature or other writing . Because the writer does not write in his or her natural hand, it is not possible to identify the writer, but it is possible to determine if the writing was produced by tracing.
What are five characteristics scientists use to identify paper?
- Paper Characteristics.
- Selecting paper is a very important job for the designer, and there are a number of paper characteristics, including: weight, grade or type, color, brightness, reflectance, opacity, smoothness, and grain. ...
- Paper Weight:
Is a non destructive technique to analyze indented writing using charge sensitive toners?
What is Indented Writing and what is it also known as? ... Electrostatic Detection Apparatus is a non-destructive technique that creates an invisible electrostatic image of indented writing and made visible by the application of charge sensitive toners.
What is the easiest forgery to detect?
The first is blind forgery , in which the forger has no idea what the signature to be forged looks like. This is the easiest type of forgery to detect because it is usually not close to the appearance of a genuine signature.
Which type of forgery is the easiest to detect?
A simple forgery is the easiest type of forgery to identify because it does not resemble a known signature. A simulated signature is one in which the forger has attempted to copy a known signature. The known signature can be copied freehand or it may be traced.
How can you tell if handwriting is forged?
- Evidence of a previous drawing, which can include an underlying tracing of the words or signature.
- Forger’s tremors, which are fine yet distinguishable markings that indicate shakiness in the writing and happen when the forger attempts to copy a signature or writing style.
How do you make writing imprint visible?
Lay the paper on a flat surface . Remove any lamp or light shining directly on the paper. Hold a lamp or other lighting source next to the paper. Shine the light across the paper at a low angle, adjusting the angle and the distance until shadows form in the imprints.
