Each cycle may last for
up to 18 hours
, so depending on the number of phonological processes a child has, it may take more than 40 hours of therapy to achieve intelligible speech. Does it work? The cycles approach was created to reflect the natural development of speech patterns in young children.
What is a cycle in the cycles approach?
What is the Cycles Approach? In the cycles approach,
therapists treat phonological processes, which are error patterns in children’s speech
. For example, some children delete all consonants off the ends of words. This is called “final consonant deletion” and is a specific pattern of speech errors.
How long should each phoneme within a pattern be targeted with the cycles approach?
Cycle’s Approach Background:
Each phoneme (e.g. Final K) within a pattern (e.g. Velars) is targeted for
60 minutes a week
. This can be one session a week that is 60 minutes in length, two 30 minute sessions or three 20 minute sessions etc. Patterns are recycled as needed until they emerge in conversation.
What is the structure of a typical cycles approach therapy session?
Cycles Phonological Remediation Approach mainly consists of four parts:
Determining therapy goals, targeting one primary pattern of error intensively for a period of time, using focused auditory bombardment, lots of practice
.
What age does cluster reduction stop?
Cluster Reduction is the deletion of one or more consonants from a two or three consonant cluster (e.g. “poon” for “spoon”, “tuck” for “truck”). Should resolve by the time a child is 4 without /S/ and
by age 5 with /S/
.
How do you administer cycle method?
What is the Happ 3?
A valid, reliable, and standardized test for identifying children’s speech patterns
. Product Features: Identifies deviant phonological patterns. Provides Examiner’s Manual, a variety of forms, picture sheet, object kit, picture cards, and storage box.
How do you target stopping in speech therapy?
The trick is to
have a child insert a /h/ initial word after the initial fricative sound you are targeting
which helps inhibit the production of the stop sound they were producing instead in error.
Is cycles approach evidence-based?
Considering the research studies over the past three decades,
Cycles Approach can be considered as an evidence-based treatment
that speech-language pathologists can employ it for treating speech sound disorders with considerable assurance.
What is maximal oppositions approach?
The maximal oppositions approach
pairs one sound that is known (i.e., used) by the child and one sound that is unknown (i.e., not used) by the child in non-homonymous contrasts
. If the child’s phonetic inventory consists of: [m, n, t, d, p, b, w, j, h] then targets could be /m/ and /tʃ/.
What is the multiple oppositions approach?
In a multiple opposition approach,
the child is confronted with several sounds simultaneously within a phoneme collapse
. The goal is then to induce multiple phonemic splits that have been previously collapsed in order to reduce the homonymy in the child’s system.
How do you explain cycles to parents?
The cycles approach is
meant for children who use several different phonological processes, or error patterns
. Each process, or pattern, is targeted for a short amount of time, and then therapy cycles through the other processes.
How do you do the auditory bombardment?
You will be given a sound/sounds from your Speech and Language Therapist to focus on for example, /s/ and when you and your child are playing you are to highlight and then repeat the /s/ words, so your child has the opportunity to hear lots of really good models of the sound they find difficult.
At what age should Vowelization be eliminated?
Vocalization (voc), also called Vowelization, is a phonological process which typically starts to assimilate around the age of 3.5 years, and sometimes lasts up to the age of
5-7 years
.
What is labial assimilation?
Labial Assimilation.
When a sound is changed to a labial sound (b, p, m, w) because of another labial sound in a word
. Labial Assimilation can be Total or Partial. /wap/ for wax.
When should Backing be eliminated?
Backing is typically eliminated
between 3-4 years of age
. If your child is continuing to demonstrate the phonological process of backing beyond the age of 4, it is recommended that you contact a speech-language pathologist.
What is the Khan Lewis?
The Khan-Lewis Phonological Analysis – 3 is
a companion analysis for the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation – 3
. These continue to be the most widely used assessments for evaluating articulation and phonological processes.
What phonological process is sh for s?
Palatal fronting
The fricative consonants ‘sh’ and ‘zh’ are replaced by fricatives that are made further forward on the palate, towards the front teeth. ‘sh’ is replaced by /s/, and ‘zh’ is replaced by /z/.
What is happ3?
The Hodson Assessment of Phonological Patterns–Third Edition (HAPP-3; Hodson, 2004) is
a valid, reliable, standardized test that is norm-referenced and also criterion-referenced
. The HAPP-3, as well as its predecessors (APP, 1980; APP-R, 1986), was designed for children with highly unintelligible speech.
What is palatal fronting?
Palatal fronting is when children substitute a palatal sound “sh”, “zh”, “ch” and/or “j” (sounds produced towards the back of the roof of the mouth) with sounds that are made more anteriorly. An example of this process would be a child saying “sue” for “shoe” or “sip” for “chip”.
What is backing in speech therapy?
Backing is
a phonological error when alveolar sounds are substituted for velar or palatal sounds
. For example, “gog” for “dog”.
What is velar fronting?
Velar Fronting is the cover term referring to
any phonological process shifting the primary place of articulation of a velar sound to the palatal region of the vocal tract
.
