Most mutation breeders induce random changes in
DNA by using ionizing radiation or mutagenic chemicals
, such as ethyl methane sulfonate, to increase the rate and frequency of the mutation process. In spite of these intrusive methods, induced mutagenesis is considered a conventional breeding technique.
What are two ways a breeder might induce mutation?
Mutations can be induced in a variety of ways, such as by
exposure to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation or chemical mutagens
. Since the 1950s, over 2,000 crop varieties have been developed by inducing mutations to randomly alter genetic traits and then selecting for improved types among the progeny.
How are mutations induced in plants?
To
artificially induce hereditary changes in plants
, either physical or chemical agents are used. Ionizing radiation is a widely used physical agent to treat the seeds and other plant material of crops to create heritable mutations.
What is the purpose of selective breeding *?
Selective breeding aims
to adapt an organism’s characteristics in a way that is desirable to the humans that breed them
.
Is it easy for breeders to produce mutants with desirable mutations?
Is it easy for breeders to produce mutants with desirable mutations? …
No, many mutations are harmful
, and it requires luck and perseverance to produce a few mutants with desirable characteristics that are not found in the original population.
What is an example of induced mutation?
Induced mutations are
alterations in the gene after it has come in contact with mutagens and environmental causes
. Alkylating agents (e.g., N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). These agents can mutate both replicating and non-replicating DNA.
What can induce mutations?
Mutations can be induced by several methods. The three general approaches used to generate mutations are
radiation, chemical and transposon insertion
.
What are the benefits and risks of selective breeding?
Inbreeding
can lead to a reduced gene pool
, making it more difficult to produce new varieties in the future. This also makes organisms prone to certain diseases or inherited defects. new varieties may be economically important, by producing more or better quality food.
What are the steps in selective breeding?
- decide which characteristics are important enough to select.
- choose parents that show these characteristics.
- choose the best offspring from parents to produce the next generation.
- repeat the process continuously.
Who uses selective breeding?
Humans
have selectively bred plants and animals for thousands of years including: crop plants with better yields. ornamental plants with particular flower shapes and colours. farm animals that produce more, better quality meat or wool.
What is an organism that contains one or more genes from another species?
An organism that contains one or more genes from another species is
inbred
. True 18. Transgenic organisms can be made by inserting recombinant DNA into the genome of the host organism.
What is meant by biotechnology?
Biotechnology is
technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to develop or create different products
. … genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, etc.).
What are the 4 types of mutation?
- Germline mutations occur in gametes. Somatic mutations occur in other body cells.
- Chromosomal alterations are mutations that change chromosome structure.
- Point mutations change a single nucleotide.
- Frameshift mutations are additions or deletions of nucleotides that cause a shift in the reading frame.
What are examples of mutations?
Other common mutation examples in humans are
Angelman syndrome
, Canavan disease, color blindness, cri-du-chat syndrome, cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, haemochromatosis, haemophilia, Klinefelter syndrome, phenylketonuria, Prader–Willi syndrome, Tay–Sachs disease, and Turner syndrome.
What are the effects of mutation?
Harmful mutations may
cause genetic disorders or cancer
. A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a mutation in one or a few genes. A human example is cystic fibrosis. A mutation in a single gene causes the body to produce thick, sticky mucus that clogs the lungs and blocks ducts in digestive organs.
What occurs in a deletion mutation?
A deletion mutation occurs when
a wrinkle forms on the DNA template strand and subsequently causes a nucleotide to be omitted from the replicated strand
(Figure 3). Figure 3: In a deletion mutation, a wrinkle forms on the DNA template strand, which causes a nucleotide to be omitted from the replicated strand.
