Wolpe’s behavioral fear-reduction
technique in which a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed. Removal of an organism from a situation in which reinforcement is available when unwanted behavior is shown. A stimulus that elicits a response from an organism prior to conditioning.
What is it called when you are gradually exposed to the fear evoking stimulus?
Thus, the goal of
systematic desensitization
is to overcome avoidance by gradually exposing patients to the phobic stimulus, until that stimulus can be tolerated. Wolpe
Is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur?
Extinction
is the process by which conditioned stimuli lose the ability to elicit conditioned responses because the conditioned stimuli are no longer associated with unconditioned stimuli.
Is a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced?
4.6 What are the schedules of reinforcement?
Continuous reinforcement
occurs when each and every correct response is followed by a reinforcer. Partial reinforcement, in which only some correct responses are followed by reinforcement, is much more resistant to extinction. This is called the partial reinforcement effect.
What was the conditioned stimulus in Pavlov’s experiment?
The dogs salivating for food is the unconditioned response in Pavlov’s experiment. A conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response. In the described experiment, the conditioned stimulus was
the ringing of the bell
, and the conditioned response was salivation.
Is the recurrence of an extinguished response?
The recurrence of an extinguished response as
a function of the passage of time
. In conditioning, the tendency for a conditioned response
What is a simple unlearned response to a stimulus?
In classical conditioning, an
unconditioned response
is an unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus. 1 For example, if the smell of food is the unconditioned stimulus, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the unconditioned response.
What are the 4 types of reinforcement?
All reinforcers (positive or negative) increase the likelihood of a behavioral response. All punishers (positive or negative) decrease the likelihood of a behavioral response. Now let’s combine these four terms:
positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment
(Table 1).
Which reinforcement schedule is most effective?
Continuous reinforcement schedules
are most effective when trying to teach a new behavior. It denotes a pattern to which every narrowly-defined response is followed by a narrowly-defined consequence.
What is an example of fixed-interval schedule?
A weekly paycheck
is a good example of a fixed-interval schedule. The employee receives reinforcement every seven days, which may result in a higher response rate as payday approaches. Dental exams also take place on a fixed-interval schedule.
What was the conclusion of Pavlov’s experiment?
Conclusion. Concluding it can be stated that
Pavlov’s discovery of conditional reflexes while studying digestion in dogs led to a systematic investigation of learning processes
, and established the principles of classical conditioning.
Can humans be conditioned like Pavlov’s animals?
But according to new research,
humans can be trained to crave food in a manner reminiscent of Pavlov’s dogs
. … Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov
What was the main point of Pavlov’s experiment with dogs?
In Pavlov’s experiment, the food was the unconditioned stimulus. An unconditioned response is an automatic response to a stimulus. The dogs
salivating for food
is the unconditioned response in Pavlov’s experiment. A conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response.
Why can the term extinction in classical conditioning be misleading?
The term “extinction” may be misleading because:
learning is relatively permanent
, meaning things are not “unlearned.” … learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original natural stimulus
What is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience?
Vicarious conditioning
is the act of learning things through observing the reactions, attitudes, and emotions of others rather than direct exposure. In psychology, it can be defined as learning through observing other people’s responses to an environmental stimulus that is most noticeable to the observer.
What states that pleasant events stamp in responses?
The law of effect
is a psychology principle advanced by Edward Thorndike
