What Causes Earthquake Induced Ground Ruptures?
What Causes Earthquake Induced Ground Ruptures? In general, ground failure may be caused by (1) surface rupture along faults, either as a primary rupture on the seismogenic fault or as a sympathetic rupture; (2) secondary movement on shallow faults; (3) shaking-induced compaction of natural deposits in sedimentary basins and river valleys, or artificial fills; and