Are VIPomas Malignant? Approximately 60-80% of VIPomas are malignant and have metastasized at the time of diagnosis. Metastasis occurs most frequently in the liver but may also occur in the lymph nodes, lungs, or kidneys. Approximately 5% of VIPomas are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1 syndrome. What causes high VIP levels? A
What Causes Secretory Diarrhea? Secretory diarrhea can result from bacterial toxins, reduced absorptive surface area caused by disease or resection, luminal secretagogues (such as bile acids or laxatives), circulating secretagogues (such as various hormones, drugs, and poisons), and medical problems that compromise regulation of intestinal function. How should most cases of bacterial diarrhea be treated?