The three components of deformation:
translation, strain, and rotation
(Means, 1976) constitute the total displacement fi eld for material moving within an orogenic system.
What are the 3 factors that affect deformation?
The factors that influence the strength of a rock and how it will deform include
temperature, confining pressure, rock type, and time
. Rocks deform permanently in two ways: brittle deformation and ductile deformation.
What are all the types of deformation?
- Elastic deformation – This can be reversible. …
- Plastic deformation – This may be irreversible. …
- Metal fatigue – This occurs primarily in ductile metals. …
- Compressive failure -This is applied to bars, columns, etc., which leads to shortening. …
- Fracture – This may be irreversible.
What are the 3 types of stress in rock deformation?
There are three types of stress:
compression, tension, and shear
. Stress can cause strain, if it is sufficient to overcome the strength of the object that is under stress. Strain is a change in shape or size resulting from applied forces (deformation). Rocks only strain when placed under stress.
What are the 3 types of deformation?
When a rock is subjected to increasing stress it passes through 3 successive stages of deformation.
Elastic Deformation —
wherein the strain is reversible. Ductile Deformation — wherein the strain is irreversible. Fracture – irreversible strain wherein the material breaks.
What is the process of deformation?
Deformation processes
transform solid materials from one shape into another
. The initial shape is usually simple (e.g., a billet or sheet blank) and is plastically deformed between tools, or dies, to obtain the desired final geometry and tolerances with required properties (Altan, 1983).
What is it called when rocks breaks or snap due to stress?
In response to stress, rocks will undergo some form of bending or breaking, or both. The bending or breaking of rock is called
deformation or strain
. … If a rock bends and stays bent after stress is released, it is said to undergo plastic behavior. A combination of elastic and brittle behavior causes earthquakes.
What are the two types of folds?
A
symmetrical fold
is one in which the axial plane is vertical. An asymmetrical fold is one in which the axial plane is inclined. An overturned fold, or overfold, has the axial plane inclined to such an extent that the strata on one limb are overturned. A recumbent fold has an essentially horizontal axial plane.
What causes deformation?
Deformation is caused
by stress
, the scientific term for force applied to a certain area. Stresses on rocks can stem from various sources, such as changes in temperature or moisture, shifts in the Earth’s plates, sediment buildup or even gravity.
What is tensional stress?
Tensional stress is
the stress that tends to pull something apart
. It is the stress component perpendicular to a given surface, such as a fault plane, that results from forces applied perpendicular to the surface or from remote forces transmitted through the surrounding rock.
How do you identify plastic deformation?
The plastic strain is obtained by
subtracting the elastic strain
, defined as the value of true stress divided by the Young’s modulus, from the value of total strain (see Figure 1).
How is deformation calculated?
Deformation of a body is expressed in the form
x = F(X)
where X is the reference position of material points of the body. Such a measure does not distinguish between rigid body motions (translations and rotations) and changes in shape (and size) of the body. A deformation has units of length.
What is ductile deformation?
Ductile deformation indicates
shape change of a material through bending or flowing during which chemical bonds may become broken but subsequently reformed into new bonds
.
Which type of stress is a uniform?
There are four general types of stress.
One type of stress is uniform
, which means the force applies equally on all sides of a body of rock. The other three types of stress, tension, compression and shear, are non-uniform, or directed, stresses. All rocks in the earth experience a uniform stress at all times.
What does shear stress do to rocks?
Shearing in rocks. The white quartz vein has been elongated by shear. When
stress causes a material to change shape, it has undergone strain or deformation
. Deformed rocks are common in geologically active areas.
How will compressional force change a rock body?
How will compressional force change a rock body?
Shorten and thicken the rock
. … Granite bedrock is pulled apart, and joints develop. Two parts of the crust slide horizontally past each other.
