He starts with the notion that many, many definitions of communication exist. Craig divides
seven traditions
: 1) cybernetic, 2) socio-psychological, 3) socio-cultural, 4) critical, 5) rhetorical, 6) phenomenological, 7) semiotic. Cybernetic tradition is communication as a sort of information process.
What are traditional communication theories?
communication into seven traditions. These are known as the semiotic, the phenomenological,
the cybernetic, the socio-psychological
, the socio-cultural, the critical, and the rhetorical. traditions”.
What are the theoretical traditions?
Seven Primary Traditions of Communication Theory. Craig’s model proposed that communication theory can be recognized or understood as seven distinct areas:
rhetorical, semiotic, phenomenological, cybernetic, sociopsychological, sociocultural, and critical traditions
.
What is ethical tradition in communication?
The ethical tradition: Communication as people of character interacting in just and beneficial ways. …
Accepts responsibility for short-term and long-term consequences of communication
. Strives to understand and respect other communicators before evaluating and responding to their messages.
What is critical tradition in communication?
In the critical tradition communication is seen as
a reflective challenge of unjust discourse
. It is critical of societies that limit the masses from seeing inequalities through the use of communication. Above all in this tradition, social action and theory cannot be separated from each other. …
Terms in this set (30)
The cybernetic tradition
focuses chiefly on communication across the Internet. Aristotle said very little about friendship, but later scholars applied Aristotelian ideas to understand it.
What is the oldest communication tradition?
3.2.1 Rhetorical communication theories
Probably, the oldest tradition in communication theories can be traced back to
ancient Greek philosophy
. Rhetoric is the human use of symbols and the art of constructing arguments and speech making (Littlejohn & Foss, 2011).
What are the 7 traditions of communication theory?
1)
cybernetic
, 2) socio-psychological, 3) socio-cultural, 4) critical, 5) rhetorical, 6) phenomenological, 7) semiotic.
Which communication tradition asserts that reality is created through communication?
The sociocultural communication tradition
regards communication as the creation and enactment of the social reality. The premises of this tradition refer to the individuals’ talk, they produce and reproduce culture i.e. share rituals, meanings and social structures.
What is communication theory according to Robert Craig?
In 1999 Craig wrote a landmark article “Communication Theory as a Field”
which expanded the conversation regarding disciplinary identity in the field of communication
. At that time, communication theory textbooks had little to no agreement on how to present the field or what theories to include in their textbooks.
What are the different ethical theories?
Four broad categories of ethical theory include
deontology, utilitarianism, rights, and virtues
.
What is sociocultural tradition?
The socio-cultural tradition looks
at the ways our understandings, meanings, norms and rules are worked out interactively in communication
. This tradition is centered on the creation and enactment of social reality. These things come to have meaning for the person through social interaction. …
The three schools are
virtue ethics, consequentialist ethics, and deontological or duty-based ethics
.
What are the main ideas of critical theory?
The central argument of critical theory is that
all knowledge, even the most scientific or “commonsensical,” is historical and broadly political in nature
. Critical theorists argue that knowledge is shaped by human interests of different kinds, rather than standing “objectively” independent from these interests.
What is an example of critical theory?
Easily identifiable examples of critical approaches are
Marxism, postmodernism, and feminism
. These critical theories expose and challenge the communication of dominant social, economic, and political structures. … Political economy focuses on the macro level of communication.
What is semiotic tradition in communication?
In the semiotic tradition communication is seen as
a process of sharing meaning through signs
. It includes the study of verbal and non-verbal signs that can stand for something else and how this interpretation impacts society.
Which research tradition focuses on communication as the process of sharing meanings through signs?
Semiotics (also called semiotic studies) is the study of sign processes (semiosis), which are any activity, conduct, or process that involves signs, where a sign is defined as anything that communicates something, usually called a meaning, to the sign’s interpreter.
What are some examples of communication in history?
Major inventions like
the telephone, the telegraph, and the television
stand out in our minds as obvious examples of how communication has changed over time.
Who established the rhetorical tradition of communication?
In response to this,
Aristotle
, his student laid the foundation for the Rhetoric by organising it into a code. Medieval (400-1400) – This period highlighted the importance of arrangement and style to rhetoric.
Which tradition is designed to critique how language and the mass media perpetuate unjust differences in power?
The critical tradition
is concerned with the way that language can be used to perpetuate power imbalances. A. social changes.
What is phenomenological tradition?
The phenomenological tradition focuses
on the experience of self and others through dialogue
. There is the intentional analysis of everyday life from the person actually experiencing it. The phenomenologist is interested in how people perceive phenomenon ;events and conditions.
Who first started communication?
The ancient Egyptians
were amongst the first people to use symbols as a form of written communication which later developed into the alphabet system that we know today. Cave drawings were murals that people painted onto the walls of caves and canyons to tell the story of their culture.
Which question do theorists of the phenomenological tradition seek to answer?
They challenge contemporary society for its blind reliance on the scientific method and uncritical acceptance of empirical findings. What question do theorists of the phenomenological tradition seek to answer?
Why is it so hard to establish and sustain authentic humans relationships
?
Why socio psychological traditions are more objective?
In the socio-psychological tradition the focus is
on individual cognition and behavioural characteristics in a communicative context
. Scholars of this tradition seek to provide insight in the ways we process information. … For that reason this tradition can be categorized as objective/scientific.
What are communication theories and models?
The three most well known models for communication are
Linear, Interactional, and Transactional
. As West & Turner (2007) explain, each model sheds light on the development of communication, but emphasizes different parts of the communication process.
Is communication theory a field?
Communication theory, in this view, is
a coherent field of metadiscursive practice
, a field of discourse about discourse with im- plications for the practice of communication. The various traditions of communication theory each offer distinct ways of conceptualizing and discussing communication problems and practices.
What are the 4 types of ethics?
- Descriptive Ethics.
- Normative Ethics.
- Meta Ethics.
- Applied Ethics.
What are the 8 ethical theories?
‘ The following chapters analyse the answers provided by eight different theories of ethics:
egoism, hedonism, naturalism and virtue theory, existentialism, Kantianism, utilitarianism, contractualism and religion
.
Which is the best ethical theory?
Utilitarianism
is an ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes. It is a form of consequentialism. Utilitarianism holds that the most ethical choice is the one that will produce the greatest good for the greatest number.
What are the two traditions of ethics?
Ethical frameworks involve an overlap of 1) philosophical traditions, 2) religious traditions, and 3) moral principles.
What are the six ethical theories?
Six principal ethical philosophies can and should be used to analyze a situation. They are
the categorical imperative, utilitarianism, hedonism, the golden mean, the golden rule, and the veil of ignorance
. These are the principle theories that have survived from 2500 years of Western moral philosophy.
In short, the sociocultural model of public relations/communication management practice
describes how communication practitioners, through the skillful and artful use of symbols and language, shape, sustain and transmit organizational culture for both internal and external actors in the environment
.
What is critical cultural theory?
Critical and Cultural Theory is
a research area, and an area for doctoral education
, that is dedicated to the critically motivated study of cultural artefacts and practices. Artworks, literary and philosophical texts, media technologies and social and political practices are at the heart of research.
What is critical theory and why is it important?
Critical theory
teaches that knowledge is power
. This means that understanding the ways one is oppressed enables one to take action to change oppressive forces. Critical social science makes a conscious attempt to fuse theory and action.
What is the goal of critical theory?
A “critical theory” has a distinctive aim:
to unmask the ideology falsely justifying some form of social or economic oppression—to reveal it as ideology
—and, in so doing, to contribute to the task of ending that oppression.
