| A B | Demand Characteristics Any aspects of a study that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave. |
|---|
Which of the following are characteristics of placebo?
Which of the following are characteristics of a placebo?
Harmless, inert substance
.
What is it called when participants want to please the researcher?
Participants will sometimes second-guess what the researcher is after, or change their answers or behaviors in different ways, depending on the experiment or environment [1]. This is called
participant bias, or response bias
, and it can have a huge impact on research findings.
When participants know what the study is about?
There are several forms of reactivity.
The Hawthorne effect
occurs when research study participants know they are being studied and alter their performance because of the attention they receive from the experimenters.
What is a demand characteristic in psychology?
In a psychological experiment, a demand characteristic is
a subtle cue that makes participants aware of what the experimenter expects to find or how participants are expected to behave
.
What are the 3 types of bias?
Three types of bias can be distinguished:
information bias, selection bias, and confounding
. These three types of bias and their potential solutions are discussed using various examples.
What are the two main types of bias?
- Selection Bias.
- Information Bias.
What is an example of a placebo?
A placebo is a pill, injection, or thing that appears to be a medical treatment, but isn’t. An example of a placebo would be
a sugar pill that’s used in a control group during a clinical trial
. The placebo effect is when an improvement of symptoms is observed, despite using a nonactive treatment.
What is the purpose of a placebo?
A placebo is
used in clinical trials to test the effectiveness of treatments
and is most often used in drug studies. For instance, people in one group get the tested drug, while the others receive a fake drug, or placebo, that they think is the real thing.
What are some common placebos?
Common placebos include
inert tablets
(like sugar pills), inert injections (like saline), sham surgery, and other procedures.
How can you reduce demand characteristics?
There are several ways to reduce demand characteristics present within an experiment. One way is
through the use of deception
. Using deception may reduce the likelihood that participants are able to guess the hypothesis of the experiment, causing participants to act more naturally.
Why do demand characteristics affect validity?
In communication and social research, demand characteristics can
create bias in an experiment
due to the subject becoming aware of the purpose of the experimental design and, thus, potentially bias or invalidate the outcomes of the experiment.
What is the concept of nonresponse bias?
Non-response (or late-response) bias occurs
when non-responders from a sample differ in a meaningful way to responders (or early responders)
. This bias is common in descriptive, analytic and experimental research and it has been demonstrated to be a serious concern in survey studies.
What are the 3 characteristics of demand?
A demand curve is basically a line that represents various points on a graph where the price of an item aligns with the quantity demanded. The three basic characteristics are
the position, the slope and the shift
.
What are the main characteristics of demand?
- (i) Willingness and ability to pay. …
- (ii) Demand is always at a price. …
- (iii) Demand is always per unit of time. …
- Summing up, we can say that by demand is meant the amount of the commodity that buyers are able and willing to purchase at any given price over some given period of time.
What can cause demand characteristics?
Pioneering research was conducted on demand characteristics by Martin Orne. A possible cause for demand characteristics is
participants’ expectations that they will somehow be evaluated, leading them to figure out a way to ‘beat’ the experiment to attain good scores in the alleged evaluation
.
