General circulation models (GCMs) are
mathematical models capable of representing physical processes of the atmosphere and ocean to simulate response of global climate to the increasing greenhouse gas emission
(IPCC, 2013).
How are general circulation models tested?
How are Climate Models Tested? Once a climate model is set up, it can be tested via a
process known as “hind-casting
.” This process runs the model from the present time backwards into the past. The model results are then compared with observed climate and weather conditions to see how well they match.
What do General circulation models predict?
GCM’s are run much longer, for years on end, long enough to learn about the climate in a statistical sense (i.e. the means and variability). A good NWP model accurately predicts
the movement and evolution of disturbances such as frontal systems and tropical cyclones
.
What is atmosphere ocean general circulation models?
Atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) consist of
a system of equations that describe the large-scale atmospheric balances of momentum, heat, and moisture
, with schemes that approximate small-scale processes such as cloud formation, precipitation, and heat exchange with the sea surface and land.
How many GCMs are there?
This study evaluates the performances of all
forty different
global climate models (GCMs) that participate in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) for simulating climatological temperature and precipitation for Southeast Asia.
What does general circulation mean?
The global circulation can be described as
the world-wide system of winds by which the necessary transport of heat from tropical to polar latitudes is accomplished
. In each hemisphere there are three cells (Hadley cell, Ferrel cell and Polar cell) in which air circulates through the entire depth of the troposphere.
What is general circulation?
On a rotating earth with a uniform surface, the general circulation of the Northern Hemisphere would be composed of
the trade winds, prevailing westerlies, and polar easterlies
. … These are known as: Doldrums, trade winds, horse latitudes, prevailing westerlies, polar front zone, and polar easterlies.
How many climate models are there?
But the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change simply averages up the
29
major climate models to come up with the forecast for warming in the 21st century, a practice rarely done in operational weather forecasting.
What is newspaper of general circulation?
A “newspaper of general circulation” is
a newspaper published for the dissemination of local or telegraphic news and intelligence of a general character
, which has a bona fide subscription list of paying subscribers, and has been established, printed and published at regular intervals in the State, county, or city …
What are the different accepted climate change models?
When creating climate models, scientists use one of three common types of simple climate models:
energy balance models, intermediate complexity models, and general circulation models
. … Energy balance models help to forecast climate changes as a result of Earth’s energy budget.
What is the probable cause of global warming?
Global warming is an aspect of climate change, referring to the long-term rise of the planet’s temperatures. It is caused by
increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
, mainly from human activities such as burning fossil fuels, and farming.
How does the global circulation model work?
The global atmospheric circulation model is
based around cells
. These cells are regions where the air moves from low pressure to high pressure. There are three cells in each hemisphere. Either side of the equator is the Hadley cell, with the Ferrell cell next and then the Polar cell at the top and bottom of the planet.
Where are Hadley cells located?
Hadley cells exist
on either side of the equator
. Each cell encircles the globe latitudinally and acts to transport energy from the equator to about the 30th latitude. The circulation exhibits the following phenomena: Warm, moist air converging near the equator causes heavy precipitation.
What four things do GCM models Analyse?
A GCM contains prognostic equations that are a function of time (typically
winds, temperature, moisture, and surface pressure
) together with diagnostic equations that are evaluated from them for a specific time period.
What defines climate?
Climate is
the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area
. Weather can change from hour-to-hour, day-to-day, month-to-month or even year-to-year. A region’s weather patterns, usually tracked for at least 30 years, are considered its climate. Climate System. Different parts of the world have different climates.
What is global global warming?
Global warming is
the long-term heating of Earth’s climate system observed since the
pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere.
