People given $200 didn’t change their minds. They still thought the task was boring. People given $1, in contrast, changed their minds; they thought the task was more interesting than they had previously thought
. This finding shows the insufficient justification effect.
What is insufficient justification in cognitive dissonance?
The theory of insufficient justification formally states that
when extrinsic motivation is low, people are motivated to reduce cognitive dissonance by generating an intrinsic motivation to explain their behavior
, and similarly more likely to decline a desired activity when presented with a mild threat versus a more …
What is insufficient external justification?
The theory of insufficient justification formally states that
when extrinsic motivation is low, people are motivated to reduce cognitive dissonance
by generating an intrinsic motivation to explain their behavior, and similarly more likely to decline a desired activity when presented with a mild threat versus a more …
What is an example of insufficient punishment?
Aronson and Carlsmith (1963) threatened children with either mild or severe punishment
if they played with favored toys
. None of them played with toys, even when left alone with them. Afterwards the children who had only been mildly threatened favored the toys less.
What is minimal justification effect?
When someone does something and there is minimal justification for them doing it, this
creates more dissonance than
if they can explain it through a significant rationale. The dissonance then acts to make them internally justify the action, saying ‘I wanted to do it anyway because I like doing that sort of thing. ‘
How does the concept of insufficient justification apply to the Festinger study?
The insufficient justification effect is a theory proposed by Festinger and Carlsmith that
attempts to explain how individuals deal with cognitive dissonance
. … The insufficient justification effect is when a person finds an internal cause for an explanation to a behavior because there isn’t an external cause.
When we perform an activity only because it is intrinsically rewarding or only because of an extrinsic payoff we have?
When we perform an activity only because it is intrinsically rewarding or only because of an extrinsic payoff, we
have sufficient justification for doing it
. But if we are given intrinsic and extrinsic reasons for performing the activity, the justification is overly sufficient.
What is self perception theory example?
Self-perception theory says that, ‘When people are unsure about their feelings and motivations, they will use their own behavior to infer what they feel. … So, in the example above,
lying about your feelings could cause you to believe your own lie
! You are using your behavior to figure out how you feel about something.
What is minimal justification hypothesis?
∎Minimal justification hypothesis –
best way to stimulate an attitude change
.
in others is to offer just enough incentive
.
to elicit
counterattitudinal behavior. Attitude.
What is Postdecisional dissonance?
A major category of cognitive dissonance is known as postdecision dissonance. This refers
to the distress that occurs after one makes a decision
. Whenever individuals decide between a set of desirable alternatives, their decision will result in dissonance.
What is external justification?
External Justification is
when there is sufficient reason for an action from outside sources
where as in Internal Justification the person must self-justify his answer because there is not enough external justification. External justification is often regarded as less effective than internal justification.
What is self justification in psychology?
Self-justification describes how, when a person encounters cognitive dissonance, or a situation in which a person’s behavior is inconsistent with their beliefs (hypocrisy), that
person tends to justify the behavior and deny any negative feedback associated with the behavior
.
What is the forbidden toy paradigm?
Conducted 2 experiments in the traditional “forbidden toy” paradigm to test the hypothesis that derogation of the forbidden toy is
a means of making the temptation to play with the toy less frustrative
, rather than of reducing cognitive dissonance. Ss were a total of 146 nursery school children (mean age = 4 yrs).
What is selective exposure in communication?
Selective exposure is a theory within the practice of psychology, often used in media and communication research, that historically refers to
individuals’ tendency to favor information which reinforces their pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory information
.
When we act contrary to our defined attitudes we are using theory?
“Because you only need to read 10 books.” Myers suggests
dissonance theory
successfully explains what happens when we act contrary to our clearly defined attitudes. We feel tension, so we adjust our attitudes to reduce it. Dissonance explains attitude change.
What is the rationalization trap?
Description. When we act to reduce dissonance it can end up as a whole set of justifications and rationalizations that lead to
ridiculous
or even immoral actions. Like Pinocchio’s nose, one defense leads to another until we are all out of shape.
Which statement concerning the use of fear appeals is not supported by research?
Which statement concerning the use of fear appeals is not supported by research?
Fear appeals are generally less effective than messages that do not provoke fear.
How do we typically relieve feelings of cognitive dissonance?
How is cognitive dissonance resolved? Dissonance can be reduced in one of three ways: a)
changing existing beliefs
, b) adding new beliefs, or c) reducing the importance of the beliefs.
What is cognitive dissonance theory examples?
Cognitive dissonance causes feelings of unease and tension, and people attempt to relieve this discomfort in different ways. Examples include
“explaining things away” or rejecting new information that conflicts with their existing beliefs
.
What is hypocrisy induction?
Inducing hypocrisy is
a two-step procedure in which individuals publicly advocate a socially desirable behavior and then privately reflect on their own failures to conform to this behavior
.
What do social psychologists study? … Social psychologists use scientific methods to study how people think about, influence and relate to one another. They study
the social influences that explain why the same person will act differently in different situations
.
What is the principle of cognitive consistency?
Cognitive consistency is a psychological theory that
proposes that humans are motivated by inconsistencies and a desire to change them
. Cognitive inconsistencies cause imbalance in individuals and the tension from this imbalance motivates people to alter these inconsistencies.
What is negative self-perception?
Basically, negative self-talk is
any inner dialogue you have with yourself that may be limiting your ability to believe in yourself and your own abilities
, and to reach your potential. It is any thought that diminishes your ability to make positive changes in your life or your confidence in yourself to do so.
How can our self-perception affect our self esteem?
Social comparison theory and self-discrepancy theory affect our self-concept and self-esteem because through comparison with others and comparison of our actual, ideal, and ought selves we make
judgments about who we are
and our self-worth. These judgments then affect how we communicate and behave.
How does someone’s self-perception affect oneself?
Our self-perception, also referred to as self-concept,
can influence our judgment, mood, and behaviors
. If we have a positive perception of ourselves, we will most likely have more positive thoughts and beliefs about the world overall, which in turn can lead to more frequent positive behaviors.
Why do people often experience Postdecision dissonance?
Why do people often experience postdecision dissonance? Almost every alternative has both an upside and a downside, and
people feel uncomfortable
.
What is dissonance reduction?
the process by which a person reduces the uncomfortable psychological state that results from inconsistency among elements of a cognitive system
(see cognitive dissonance).
What is the Freedman Toy experiment?
Jonathan Freedman, Psychological Reactance. Freedman proved that, at least in
young boys playing with robots, forcing them to act a certain way did not change their minds about acting that way
. Threats only created the desirable situation in the moment, but it did not create lasting change.
Which of the following argument characteristics is likely to be most important to a person who is high in need for cognition?
People high in the need for cognition are more likely to form their attitudes by
paying close attention to relevant arguments
(i.e., via the central route to persuasion), whereas people low in the need for cognition are more likely to rely on peripheral cues, such as how attractive or credible a speaker is.
What is the induced compliance paradigm?
One paradigm to create dissonance is called induced compliance; this is a
complex task in which one is asked to act in a way that contradicts his or her attitudes or beliefs about a specific subject
or person through an exchange of roles.
What is the post purchase dissonance?
Post-purchase dissonance refers
to the customer’s level of dissatisfaction after buying a product or service from your online store
. If the customer feels the quality of the product fails to meet expectations, they may become regretful. They may even take steps toward getting a refund.
Is self-justification bad?
Self-justification has costs and benefits. By itself,
it’s not necessarily a bad thing
. … Yet mindless self-justification, like quicksand, can draw us deeper into disaster. It blocks our ability to even see our errors, let alone correct them.
How do I stop self-justification?
- Admit you have a problem.
- Know when to be on high alert.
- Let humility toughen you up.
- Live with inconsistency.
- Be actively disconfirmation biased.
- Use self-justification to your advantage.
How do we justify our actions?
The psychological theory that causes us to self-justify regardless of the reality of our actions is called
cognitive dissonance
. Proposed by psychologist, Leon Festinger, cognitive dissonance is centered on our need to achieve internal consistency.
What is an example of justification?
The definition of justification is something that proves, explains or supports. An example of justification is
an employer bringing evidence to support why they fired an employee
.
How do you justify bad behavior?
- Viewing the behavior as a grey area. …
- Believing the behavior will benefit others. …
- Highlighting moral credentials. …
- Symbolically cleansing. …
- Partially coming clean. …
- Demonizing those who have done worse.
Why do people try to justify?
Justifying one’s behavior can be
a defense mechanism for dealing with their actions or how their actions impacted and hurt other people
. … Sometimes there is a lot of pain and hurt to work through and understand before people can start to see how their actions impact others.
What are some real life examples of selective attention?
- Listening to your favorite podcast while driving to work.
- Having a conversation with a friend in a crowded place.
- Reading your book on a public transport bus.
What does minimal justification mean?
When someone does something and there is minimal justification for them doing it, this creates more
dissonance
than if they can explain it through a significant rationale. The dissonance then acts to make them internally justify the action, saying ‘I wanted to do it anyway because I like doing that sort of thing.
What are the 3 theories of selective exposure?
It comprises three sub-processes:
(a) selective exposure, through which people avoid
communication that is opposite to their existing attitude; (b) selective perception, when people are confronted with unsympathetic material, either they do not perceive it or they make it fit for their existing opinion; and (c) …
