Fetal programming, or prenatal programming, is a concept that suggests certain events occurring during critical points of pregnancy may cause permanent effects on the fetus and the infant long after birth .
Is fetal programming beneficial or not?
Fetal programming may predispose people to certain adult diseases and is an important matter of concern in the current age of low fertility and an aging population because it suggests that the aggressive treatment of low birth weights during pregnancy can prevent many adult diseases.
What is an example of fetal programming?
Another example of fetal programming processes independent of poor nutrition is programming of a fetal phenotype induced by maternal genes independent of fetal genes .
What is fetal programming a lifetime health is under the control of in utero health?
The “Barker hypothesis” postulates that a number of organ structures and associated functions undergo programming during embryonic and fetal life, which determines the set point of physiological and metabolic responses that carry into adulthood.
What is fetal programming in cattle?
What is cattle fetal programming? Cattle fetal programming is the concept that a maternal stimulus or insult at a critical period in fetal development has long term effects on the offspring . Any stressor can be an insult, including inferior cattle nutrition, and can cause DNA methylation in the developing fetus.
What is the concept of fetal programming?
Fetal programming, or prenatal programming, is a concept that suggests certain events occurring during critical points of pregnancy may cause permanent effects on the fetus and the infant long after birth .
What is fetal programming explore?
The ‘classic’ fetal programming hypothesis proposes that exogenous maternal malnutrition during pregnancy causes a lifelong, persisting adaptation of the fetus resulting in low birthweight , increased cardiovascular risk, and non‐insulin dependent diabetes in adult life.
What is early life programming of Foetus or infant?
Fetal programming, therefore, refers to the way in which environmental events alter the course of fetal development , resulting in enduring modifications in the structure and function of biological systems.
Who proposed the thrifty hypothesis of fetal programming?
Hales and Barker (1) caused a paradigm shift in our thinking about diabetes prevention when they demonstrated that low birth weight (due to growth retardation) predicted type 2 diabetes (the “thrifty phenotype” or “fetal origins” hypothesis).
What do teratogens include?
Teratogenic agents include infectious agents (rubella, cytomegalovirus, varicella, herpes simplex, toxoplasma, syphilis, etc.); physical agents (ionizing agents, hyperthermia); maternal health factors (diabetes, maternal PKU); environmental chemicals (organic mercury compounds, polychlorinated biphenyl or PCB, ...
What is thrifty phenotype hypothesis?
The thrifty phenotype hypothesis proposes that the epidemiological associations between poor fetal and infant growth and the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome result from the effects of poor nutrition in early life , which produces permanent changes in glucose-insulin metabolism.
What is the DOHaD hypothesis?
The ‘Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD)’ hypothesis, a rather more recent term for the concept initially proposed and called ‘Fetal Origins of Adult Disease’ in the 1990s, 1 postulates that exposure to certain environmental influences during critical periods of development and growth may have ...
What is the Barker Hypothesis?
The Barker hypothesis implicates the fetal in-utero environment as a significant determinant of risk for major chronic diseases , such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and obesity later in life.
What is fetal programming in animals?
Fetal programming is the concept that a maternal stimulus or insult at a critical period in fetal development has long-term effects on the offspring (Funston et al., 2010). Approximately 75% of calf fetus growth occurs during the last two months of gestation (Robinson et al., 1977).
When does 70 percent of fetal growth occur in sheep?
Approximately 70 percent of fetal growth occurs during the last 4 to 6 weeks of pregnancy . Most of the ewe’s mammary (udder) growth is occurring during this period. In addition, her rumen capacity is decreasing. The primary result is the need for increased feed, primarily a more nutrient-dense diet.
Where does fetal development occur in cattle?
The bovine embryo enters the uterus 4 days after ovulation. The critical period of maternal recognition of pregnancy occurs between days 15-18 after ovulation, followed by the initial stages of early placentation. In the cow, the placenta attaches to discrete sites on the uterine wall called caruncles.
