n.
an incongruity between different aspects of one’s self-concept, particularly between one’s actual self and either the ideal self or the ought self
. [ derived from the theory of U.S. psychologist E. Tory Higgins (1946– )]
What is Higgins self discrepancy theory?
Self discrepancy theory was introduced by psychologist E. Tory Higgins (1987) with
the purpose of explaining the relationship between aspects of the self and affect
. In this theory, Higgins posits that individuals possess different types of self-guides, or standards, against which they compare their current self.
Who proposed the self discrepancy theory?
One influential perspective on what motivates people’s behavior is detailed in
Tory Higgin’s
self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.
What are the components of self discrepancy theory?
The basic premise of self-discrepancy theory is that it is
the relations between and among different types of self-beliefs or self-state representations that produce emotional vulnerabilities rather than the particular content or nature of the actual self or of any other individual self-belief
.
What is self discrepancy theory Google Scholar?
Self-discrepancy:
A theory relating self and affect
. Psychological Review, 94, 319–340. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®], [Google Scholar]) proposed that two distinct self-discrepancies are associated with different experiences of emotions.
What is the basis of self-discrepancy theory quizlet?
Self-discrepancy theory is that
the interactions between possible selves and the actual self determine feelings about life
. There is the ideal self and the ought self.
What are the two types of self discrepancies?
Four different types of self-discrepancies were then calculated:
actual/own:ideal/own; actual/own:ideal/ other, actual/own:ought/other
, and actual/own:ought/own.
What is self-discrepancy theory How do self discrepancies impact how people feel about themselves?
Self-discrepancy theory (Higgins 1989) describes
how individuals are likely to experience discomfort when they are holding conflicting or incompatible beliefs about themselves
. Moreover, the type of discrepant self-representations explains the kind of discomfort or unpleasant feelings.
Social comparison theory was first proposed in 1954 by
psychologist Leon Festinger
and suggested that people have an innate drive to evaluate themselves, often in comparison to others.
Who among the following has the theory which posits that when there is a big gap between the ideal self and the real self there will be an incongruence?
Rogers
further divided the self into two categories: the ideal self and the real self. … Conversely, when there is a great discrepancy between our ideal and actual selves, we experience a state Rogers called incongruence, which can lead to maladjustment.
WHO stated that the self is consisting of self perception and values?
The self-categorization theory developed by
John Turner
states that the self-concept consists of at least two “levels”: a personal identity and a social one. In other words, one’s self-evaluation relies on self-perceptions and how others perceive them.
Who influence self-concept the most?
There are various factors that can affect self-concept, these include:
age, sexual orientation, gender and religion
. The self-concept is also made up of a combination of self-esteem and self-image. Self-esteem refers to a person’s feelings of self-worth or the value that they place on themselves.
What is discrepancy theory of job satisfaction?
Locke developed the idea known as discrepancy theory. This theory suggests
that a person’s job satisfaction comes from what they feel is important rather than the fulfillment or unfulfillment of their needs
. … Satisfaction is determined by the difference between the exact amount a person received and what they expected.
How do you measure self discrepancy?
Self-discrepancies have typically been measured using
questionnaires asking people to list a number of attributes for each of their self-domains, and calculating synonyms and autonyms to obtain
a total discrepancy score (Higgins, Klein, & Strauman, 1985), or having respondents rate the discrepancy between their actual …
What is one problem with the humanistic approach?
One major criticism of humanistic psychology is that
its conceptsare too vague
. Critics argue that subjective ideas such as authentic and realexperiences are difficult to objectify; an experience that is real for oneindividual may not be real for another person.
What is unconditional positive regard quizlet?
Unconditional positive regard refers to:
accepting clients as worthy persons
. In person-centered expressive arts therapy, clients are encouraged to: … Core conditions of person-centered group therapy include: congruence, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding.
Which of the following is true of a person rated high on neuroticism?
According to the five-factor model of personality, which of the following is true of a person rated high on neuroticism?
The person is anxious, insecure, and self-pitying
. … show a positive but objective sense of self and others and have a sense of humor, common sense, and a unifying philosophy of life.
Which of the following is an example of ingratiation?
Ingratiation happens when we try to get others to like us with flattery, praise, and
just generally trying to be likable
. For example, Jenny works with Terry. For some reason, Terry doesn’t seem to like Jenny. He talks to her only as much as he needs to in order to get work done, and he sometimes is short with her.
What are the effects of self discrepancies?
A discrepancy between a person’s ideal self-guide (e.g., hopes and aspirations) and his or her actual
self-concept produces dejection-related emotions
(e.g., sadness), whereas a discrepancy between a person’s ought self-guide (e.g., duties and obligations) and his or her actual self-concept produces agitation-related …
Which of the ABCs of the self is most relevant to the idea of the self-concept?
The ” ABC’s of the self” refer to affect, behavior, and
cognition
. … Which of the “ABCs of the self” is most relevant to the idea of the self-concept? Cognition. You just studied 23 terms!
What would happen to your self view if you lost your memories of your past?
What would happen to your self-view if you lost your memories of your past?
You would not change your view of yourself
. What is self-schema? The cognitve structure that contains the declarative self.
In 1954, psychologist
Leon Festinger
hypothesized that people compare themselves to others in order to fulfill a basic human desire: the need for self-evaluation. He called this process social comparison theory.
What is Leon Festinger theory of cognitive dissonance?
Festinger’s theory
proposes that inconsistency among beliefs or behaviours causes an uncomfortable psychological tension
(i.e., cognitive dissonance), leading people to change one of the inconsistent elements to reduce the dissonance or to add consonant elements to restore consonance.
What did Leon Festinger study?
Festinger graduated with a
B.A. in psychology
from the City College of New York in 1939. He then entered the University of Iowa, where he studied with the German-born social psychologist Kurt Lewin and obtained a Ph. D. in 1942.
What is Carl Rogers theory?
Rogers’ theory of personality development was
based on humanistic psychology
. According to his approach, everyone exists in a world full of experiences. These experiences shape our reactions that include external objects and people. Also, internal thoughts and emotions. This is known as their phenomenal field.
Who believed that every individual is capable of self growth and also strives for self actualizing tendency?
Even though the term “self-actualization” is most associated with
Abraham Maslow
, it was originally introduced by Kurt Goldstein, a physician specializing in psychiatry and neuroanatomy during the early part of the 20th century.
What is Hackman and Oldham Job Characteristics Model?
Hackman and Oldham’s (1974) job characteristics model suggested that five core job dimensions affect certain personal and work related outcomes, including job satisfaction. The five core job dimensions identified are
autonomy, feedback, skill variety, task identity, and task significance
.
What are the 4 theories of job satisfaction?
Theories of Job Satisfaction – 4 Different Theories:
Fulfillment Theory, Discrepancy Theory, Equity Theory and Two-Factor Theory
. There are vital differences among experts about the concept of job satisfaction.
Who is the earliest psychologist to study the self?
WUNDT AND STRUCTURALISM
Wilhelm Wundt
(1832–1920) was a German scientist who was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist.
What do Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common?
Humanistic psychologists Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers focused on the growth potential of healthy individuals. … They
emphasized free will and self-determination
, with each individual desiring to become the best person they can become.
Who introduced job satisfaction?
In the late 1950s,
Frederick Herzberg
, considered by many to be a pioneer in motivation theory, interviewed a group of employees to find out what made them satisfied and dissatisfied on the job.
What is self theory?
Definition: The Self Theory
emphasizes on the set of perceptions an individual has for himself and the perceptions of the relationships he has with others and the other aspects of life
. Carl Rogers has contributed significantly towards the self theory.
What is physical self according to William James?
Definition. Definition according to Psychologists. William James considered
body as the initial source of sensation and necessary for the origin and maintenance of personality
.
What is self by philosophers?
The philosophy of self is
the study of the many conditions of identity that make one subject of experience distinct from other experiences
. The self is sometimes understood as a unified being essentially connected to consciousness, awareness, and agency.
When your self-concept is being threatened?
If your self-concept is
not
balanced and you are frequently experiencing conflict between your actual and ideal self, you may succumb to anxiety, franticness, or even violence. This is due to a threat to your self-concept that affects your self-esteem, which is the belief or condition that defines your worth.
What are the 3 factors that influence the self?
Most authors interpret self-concept as a series of attitudes towards the self, globally integrated by three factors:
cognitive, behavioral and affective
. Self-concept includes assessments of all parameters that are relevant to an individual’s development: from physical appearance to social and intellectual capacities.
n.
an incongruity between different aspects of one’s self-concept, particularly between one’s actual self and either the ideal self or the ought self
. [ derived from the theory of U.S. psychologist E. Tory Higgins (1946– )]
How does self discrepancy affect self-esteem?
Discrepancy between these self-guides is characterized by dejection-related emotions such as disappointment and dissatisfaction. Actual/ideal discrepancies are associated with low self-esteem and characterized by
the threat of absence of positive outcomes
.
Is self-esteem a value?
In psychology, the term self-esteem is used to describe
a person’s overall subjective sense of personal worth or value
. In other words, self-esteem may be defined as how much you appreciate and like yourself regardless of the circumstances. Your self-esteem is defined by many factors including: Self-confidence.
