Often described as a “snapshot” of a population in a certain point in time because exposure and outcome are determined simultaneously for each subject. • Cross-sectional is also called prevalence study. • The
temporal relationship between exposure and disease cannot be determined
.
Can we always establish a temporal relationship with a cross-sectional study?
3.4.
The cross-sectional study is an observational study that assesses exposure and the outcome at one specific point in time in a sample population. … The cross-sectional study cannot be used to infer causality because
a temporal sequence cannot be established
.
What is a temporal relationship between exposure and outcome?
Clarity of Temporal Sequence (Did the exposure precede the outcome?): Cohort studies more clearly indicate the temporal sequence between exposure and outcome, because in a cohort study,
subjects are known to be disease-free at the beginning
of the observation period when their exposure status is established.
What is the 2 types of cross-sectional study?
Longitudinal studies
and cross-sectional studies are two different types of research design. In a cross-sectional study you collect data from a population at a specific point in time; in a longitudinal study you repeatedly collect data from the same sample over an extended period of time.
What is a cross-sectional relationship?
A cross-sectional study examines
the relationship between disease (or other health related state) and other variables of interest
as they exist in a defined population at a single point in time or over a short period of time (e.g. calendar year).
What is a temporal relationship?
1. temporal relation – a relation involving time. relation –
an abstraction belonging to or characteristic of two entities or parts together
.
antecedent, forerunner
– anything that precedes something similar in time; “phrenology was an antecedent of modern neuroscience” chronology – an arrangement of events in time.
What is cross-sectional descriptive study?
A descriptive cross-sectional study is
a study in which the disease or condition and potentially related factors are measured at a specific point in time for a defined population
. … This type of data can be used to assess the prevalence of conditions in a population.
What is temporal relationship in epidemiology?
The temporal relationship between exposure to A and disease onset (or diagnosis)
conforms to what is known about the natural history of the disease
. There is an association between exposure to A and the target disease.
What is temporal association in epidemiology?
• Temporal Association.
Exposure must precede the disease
, and in most epidemiological. studies this can be inferred. In studies where exposure and disease are measured simultaneously or exposure is measured after the occurrence of disease, the temporal association should be evaluated.
What is case series study?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A case series (also known as a clinical series) is
a type of medical research study that tracks subjects with a known exposure
, such as patients who have received a similar treatment, or examines their medical records for exposure and outcome.
Is longitudinal and cohort study the same?
Longitudinal research is a type of correlational research that involves looking at variables over an extended period of time. … Cohort study is
a particular type of longitudinal study
which involves comparison groups (exposed group vs non-exposed group to the factor in question).
What is an example of cross-sectional data?
Cross-sectional data refer to observations of many different individuals (subjects, objects) at a given time, each observation belonging to a different individual. A simple example of cross-sectional data is
the gross annual income for each of 1000 randomly chosen households in New York City for the year 2000
.
What is longitudinal sampling?
Longitudinal data, sometimes referred to as panel data,
track the same sample at different points in time
. The sample can consist of individuals, households, establishments, and so on. In contrast, repeated cross-sectional data, which also provides long-term data, gives the same survey to different samples over time.
How is cross-sectional study done?
In a cross-sectional study,
the investigator measures the outcome and the exposures in the study participants at the same time
. … After the entry into the study, the participants are measured for outcome and exposure at the same time [Figure 1]. The investigator can study the association between these variables.
What is a longitudinal study vs cross-sectional?
Longitudinal studies differ from one-off, or cross-sectional, studies. The main difference is that
cross-sectional studies interview a fresh sample of people each time they are carried out
, whereas longitudinal studies follow the same sample of people over time.
What is the difference between longitudinal studies and cross-sectional studies quizlet?
Longitudinal studies and cross-sectional studies are two different types of research design. In a cross-sectional study you collect data from a population at a specific point in time; in a longitudinal study
you repeatedly collect data from the same sample over an extended period of time
.
What is an example of a temporal relationship?
‘ Temporal relationships, on the other hand, indicate
sequence, logic, and time
, such as ‘secondly,’ ‘hourly,’ or ‘before lunchtime.
What is descriptive study PPT?
Introduction • A descriptive study can be defined as
one in which only one group of subjects is studied
, without any comparison group, for describing the outcome in terms of its frequency and its distribution according to selected variables related to person, place and time.
What is an example of temporal?
An example of temporal used as an adjective is
temporal logic
, the rules about reasoning in terms of time. An example of temporal used as an adjective is temporal happiness which means happiness of this world, not happiness in the afterlife.
What are temporal things?
pertaining to or concerned with the present life or this world
; worldly: temporal joys. enduring for a time only; temporary; transitory (opposed to eternal).
What are 4 types of research?
There are four main types of Quantitative research:
Descriptive, Correlational, Causal-Comparative/Quasi-Experimental, and Experimental Research
. attempts to establish cause- effect relationships among the variables. These types of design are very similar to true experiments, but with some key differences.
Why is a cross-sectional study descriptive?
Descriptive/analytical cross-sectional studies are
useful for establishing preliminary evidence for a causal relationship
. These studies are also useful for examining the association between exposure and disease onset for chronic diseases where researchers lack information on time of onset.
What is temporality in research?
Temporality is
a foundational concept for causal analysis because causal relationships unfold over time
– and become observable only after a certain lapse of time. … It is thus possible to examine the time span of social phenomena with historical or simulative methods.
What is temporal precedence in psychology?
in establishing cause–effect relationships between two variables, the
principle that the cause must be shown to have occurred before the effect
.
What is the relationship between association and causation?
A statistical association between two variables merely implies that
knowing the value of one variable provides information about the value of the other
. It does not necessarily imply that one causes the other. Hence the mantra: “association is not causation.”
What is the difference between cause and association?
Association is a statistical relationship between
two variables
. Two variables may be associated without a causal relationship. … Causation: Causation means that the exposure produces the effect.
What is the difference between case series and cross sectional study?
Cross sectional studies are used
to determine prevalence
. They are relatively quick and easy but do not permit distinction between cause and effect. Case controlled studies compare groups retrospectively. They seek to identify possible predictors of outcome and are useful for studying rare diseases or outcomes.
What is the difference between case series and case report?
A case report is a detailed report of the diagnosis, treatment, response to treatment, and follow-up after treatment of an individual patient. A case series is group of case reports involving patients who were given similar treatment.
What is ecologic study design?
Ecologic studies are
studies in which the unit of observation is a group, not separate individuals
, for one or more study variables. For example, exposure and risk factors are known only at the group level, such as the average air pollution concentration in different cities.
What is meant by biological plausibility?
In epidemiology and biomedicine, biological plausibility is
the proposal of a causal association — a relationship between a putative cause and an outcome — that is consistent with existing biological and medical knowledge
.
What is the measure of association?
measure of association, in statistics, any of various factors or coefficients used to quantify
a relationship between two or more variables
.
What are the three types of longitudinal research?
- Panel Study.
- Retrospective Study.
- Cohort Study.
What is the difference between prospective and longitudinal studies?
Longitudinal study designs
Repeated cross-sectional studies where study participants are largely or entirely different on each sampling occasion; Prospective studies where the
same
participants are followed over a period of time.
Is longitudinal horizontal or vertical?
As adjectives the difference between horizontal and longitudinal. is that
horizontal is perpendicular to the vertical
; parallel to the plane of the horizon; level, flat while longitudinal is relating to length, or to longitude.
What is longitudinal research study?
A longitudinal study, like a cross-sectional one, is observational. … However, in a longitudinal study, researchers
conduct several observations of the same subjects over a period of time
, sometimes lasting many years.
What are longitudinal studies used for?
A longitudinal study can be used to
discover relationships between variables that are not related to various background variables
. This observational research technique involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period.
What is problem with longitudinal research?
However, the longitudinal survey also has significant problems, notably in
confounding aging and period effects, delayed results
, achieving continuity in funding and research direction, and cumulative attrition.
Which of the following is an example of a cross-sectional research design?
Another example of a cross-sectional study would be
a medical study examining the prevalence of cancer amongst a defined population
. The researcher can evaluate people of different ages, ethnicities, geographical locations, and social backgrounds.
What type of research is a cross-sectional study qualitative or quantitative?
Although the majority of cross-sectional studies is
quantitative
, cross-sectional designs can be also be qualitative or mixed-method in their design.
What is the difference between panel data and cross-sectional data?
Cross-sectional data – Observations from subjects at a given point in time. Panel data –
Observations from same subjects at multiple times
.
What is a good sample size for a cross sectional study?
A smaller ‘d’ implies a larger sample size. Therefore, the choice of ‘p’ is crucial. =
400
this sample size will enable us to detect the truth if the prevalence is between 18-22% (or more). = 1900 this sample size will enable us to detect the truth if the prevalence is between 4-6% (or more).
What level is a cross sectional study?
Cross sectional study designs and case series form
the lowest level of the aetiology hierarchy
. In the cross sectional design, data concerning each subject is often recorded at one point in time.
How do you collect cross sectional data?
Cross-sectional data can be collected by
self-administered questionnaires
. Using these instruments, researchers may put a survey study together with one or more questionnaires measuring the target variable(s).
