In general, transmission of viruses can occur through two pathways: horizontal and vertical transmission. In horizontal transmission, viruses are transmitted among individuals of the same generation, while vertical transmission occurs from mothers to their offspring.
What is horizontal transmission example?
Examples are rickettsiae driven diseases (like typhus) , which are contracted by a body louse’s fecal material being scratched into the bloodstream. The vector is not necessarily another species, however. For example, a dog infected with Rabies may infect another dog via anterior station transmission.
What is the difference between vertical and horizontal transmission in bacteria?
Horizontal transmission occurs when a parasite moves from an infected to an uninfected individual, whether by direct contact or an infectious particle. Vertical transmission occurs when an infected individual reproduces (either sex- ually or asexually), giving rise to progeny that also harbor the infection.
What is vertical transmission?
Vertical transmission: Passage of a disease-causing agent (pathogen) from mother to baby during the period immediately before and after birth . Transmission might occur across the placenta, in the breast milk, or through direct contact during or after birth. For example, HIV can be a vertically transmitted pathogen.
What is meant by horizontal transmission?
The spread of an infectious agent from one person or group to another , usually through contact with contaminated material, such as sputum or faeces.
What is horizontal transmission of hepatitis B?
Transmission. In highly endemic areas, hepatitis B is most commonly spread from mother to child at birth (perinatal transmission) or through horizontal transmission ( exposure to infected blood ), especially from an infected child to an uninfected child during the first 5 years of life.
What is horizontal direct contact transmission?
Other kinds of direct contact transmission are called horizontal direct contact transmission. Often, contact between mucous membranes is required for entry of the pathogen into the new host, although skin-to-skin contact can lead to mucous membrane contact if the new host subsequently touches a mucous membrane.
What is horizontal gene transfer?
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT; also known as lateral gene transfer) is the non-sexual movement of genetic information between genomes . Incoming DNA or RNA can replace existing genes, or can introduce new genes into a genome.
What is horizontal bacterial transmission?
Horizontal gene transfer enables bacteria to respond and adapt to their environment much more rapidly by acquiring large DNA sequences from another bacterium in a single transfer. Horizontal gene transfer is a process in which an organism transfers genetic material to another organism that is not its offspring .
What is indirect transmission?
Indirect transmission refers to the transfer of an infectious agent from a reservoir to a host by suspended air particles , inanimate objects (vehicles), or animate intermediaries (vectors).
What are the 4 types of disease transmission?
The modes (means) of transmission are: Contact (direct and/or indirect), Droplet, Airborne, Vector and Common Vehicle . The portal of entry is the means by which the infectious microorganisms gains access into the new host. This can occur, for example, through ingestion, breathing, or skin puncture.
What is vertical cultural transmission?
Vertical cultural transmission occurs when individuals learn from their parents . Oblique cultural transmission occurs when individuals learn from other (non-parental) members of the older generation, such as teachers. Horizontal cultural transmission occurs when individuals learn from members of the same generation.
What is vertical transmission of hepatitis B?
Vertical transmission implies transmission of the hepatitis B virus from mother to infant . This occurs with great frequency (70 to 100 per cent) when the mother has acute hepatitis B near delivery.
Which infectious disease is transmitted vertically?
Research has identified that multiple types of virus can be passed from mother to child via vertical transmission, including those known as “TORCH” pathogens: toxoplasma gondii , other (listeria monocytogenes, treponema pallidium, parvovirus, HIV, varicella zoster virus), rubella, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and ...
What is the difference between direct and indirect transmission of disease?
There are two types of contact transmission: direct and indirect. Direct contact transmission occurs when there is physical contact between an infected person and a susceptible person. Indirect contact transmission occurs when there is no direct human-to-human contact.
What is the common vehicle transmission?
Common-vehicle transmission refers to agents transmitted by a common inanimate vehicle , with multiple cases resulting from such exposure. This category includes diseases in which food or water as well as drugs and parenteral fluids are the vehicles of infection.
