Solution. The exposed terminal problem is solved by
the MAC (medium access control) layer protocol IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS
, with the condition that the stations are synchronized and frame sizes and data speed are the same. RTS stands for Request to Send and CTS stands for Clear to Send.
The hidden terminal problem occurs
when a terminal is visible from a wireless access point (APs)
, but not from other nodes communicating with AP. This situation leads the difficulties in medium access control sub-layer over wireless networking.
Solution. The exposed terminal problem is solved by
the MAC (medium access control) layer protocol IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS
, with the condition that the stations are synchronized and frame sizes and data speed are the same. RTS stands for Request to Send and CTS stands for Clear to Send.
The hidden-terminal problem is avoided in
Inhibit Sense Multiple Access (ISMA)
, where the base station transmits a busy signal on an outbound channel to inhibit all other mobile terminals from transmitting as soon as an inbound packet is being received.
A problem that manifests in wireless networks where
some of the nodes are unaware of each other
. Specifically, it can occur when all nodes are within signal range of the network's access point, but some are out of range of each other.
How do you solve terminal problems?
Solution. The exposed terminal problem is solved by
the MAC (medium access control) layer protocol IEEE 802.11 RTS/CTS
, with the condition that the stations are synchronized and frame sizes and data speed are the same. RTS stands for Request to Send and CTS stands for Clear to Send.
Where is CSMA CA used?
While CSMA/CA is mainly used in
wireless networks
, CSMA/CD was developed for Ethernet, and CSMA/CR is used in controller area networks (CAN), which are mainly used in cars and machines.
RTS/CTS
is the mechanism used by the 802.11 wireless networking protocol to resolve the hidden terminal problem. It uses two frames known as RTS and CTS to check medium for collision avoidance. When a node wants to send data it will first send the RTS signal. … This way we can solve the hidden terminal problem.
What is CSMA CD?
Short for
carrier sense multiple access/collision detection
, CSMA/CD is a MAC (media access control) protocol. It defines how network devices respond when two devices attempt to use a data channel simultaneously and encounter a data collision. … This mode waits for the medium to be idle, then transmits data.
What is RTS and CTS in networking?
RTS/CTS (
Request to Send / Clear to Send
) mechanism is a reservation scheme used in the wireless networks. It is used to minimize frame collisions created due to the hidden node problem. The attacker nodes modify the duration field value of the RTS packets to reserve the channel for additional time.
When two nodes send at the same time then the occurring problem is known as?
This is called
the hidden node problem
. Figure 5.10 shows two transmitters and a receiver in between the two. The receiver can hear each transmitter equally, and if both transmitters are sending at the same time, the receiver will not be able to make out the two different signals and will receive interference only.
Hidden terminal problem occurs
when two nodes that are outside each other's range performs simultaneous transmission to a node that is within the range of each of them resulting in a collision
. That means the data from both parties A and C will be lost during the collision.
What is the purpose of NAV in CSMA CA?
The network allocation vector (NAV) is
a virtual carrier sensing mechanism that forms an important part of the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance
(CSMA/CA). It is implemented in wireless network protocols, IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16, which operates in the medium access control (MAC) layer.
- Increase Transmitting Power From the Nodes.
- Use omnidirectional antennas.
- Remove obstacles.
- Move the node.
- Use protocol enhancement software.
- Use antenna diversity.
Which one of the following event is possible in wireless LAN?
8. Which one of the following event is not possible in wireless LAN? Explanation:
Collision detection
is not possible in wireless LAN with no extensions. Collision detection techniques for multiple access like CSMA/CD are used to detect collisions in Wireless LANs.
4.4. 1.4 Hidden Node Collision (HNC) and Exposed Node Problem (ENP) … The
situation happens when two or more sending nodes outside the transmission range of each other transmit data to the same node in the next hop nearly at the same time
, thus likely resulting in data collision at the receiving node.
