The terms, “surface runoff” and “infiltration,” which form the title of this paper, are usually associated with a piece of land and the precipitation falling upon it . They suggest that this ground is porous, that part of the water will infiltrate into it while the rest runs off along the surface or evaporates.
Does infiltration cause runoff?
Soils absorbing less water result in more runoff overland into streams. ... Water that, in natural conditions, infiltrated directly into soil now runs off into streams. Slope of the land: Water falling on steeply-sloped land runs off more quickly and infiltrates less than water falling on flat land.
Infiltration occurs when surface water enters the soil. ... The sponge soaks up the water until it can hold no more. At this point, the soil becomes saturated, but the excess water has to go somewhere. When this happens, we get overflow in the form of runoff, which is when surface water flows over land .
What is the relationship between precipitation rate infiltration rate and surface runoff?
Surface runoff equals rainfall or snowmelt rate minus infiltration capacity . For example, if our rainfall rate increases to 25 millimeters per hour but the infiltration capacity remains at 15 millimeters per hour, then the rainfall rate is 10 millimeters per hour greater than the infiltration capacity.
What factors affect infiltration and runoff?
- Precipitation. Precipitation can impact infiltration in many ways. ...
- Soil characteristics. The porosity of soils is critical in determine the infiltration capacity. ...
- Soil moisture content. ...
- Organic materials in soils. ...
- Land cover. ...
- Slope. ...
- General hydrologic budget. ...
- Richards’ equation (1931)
What is an example of infiltration?
Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil . ... If the precipitation rate exceeds the infiltration rate, runoff will usually occur unless there is some physical barrier. It is related to the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the near-surface soil.
How do you control infiltration?
The simplest way to control the building infiltration is to offset the ventilation or outdoor air intentionally brought into the building from the exhaust or relief air expelled from the building .
What are signs of infiltration?
- Redness around the site.
- Swelling, puffy or hard skin around the site.
- Blanching (lighter skin around the IV site)
- Pain or tenderness around the site.
- IV not working.
- Cool skin temperature around the IV site or of the scalp, hand, arm, leg or foot near the site.
What are examples of runoff?
Runoff is defined as excess water draining away from land or buildings. The overflow of water that drains off of your driveway is an example of runoff. Dissolved chemicals, etc, included in such water. The runoff of nitrates is poisoning the lake.
What are the effects of infiltration?
The reduced infiltration of rainwater into the ground causes surface runoff , and the discharge of rainwater into receiving water bodies, which often increases flood peaks, reduces the level of groundwater and leads to serious flooding in urban areas (Sangati et al.
What would cause an increase in surface runoff?
Urbanization increases surface runoff, by creating more impervious surfaces such as pavement and buildings do not allow percolation of the water down through the soil to the aquifer . It is instead forced directly into streams, where erosion and siltation can be major problems, even when flooding is not.
What are the stages of infiltration?
- Inflammation at or near the insertion site with swollen, taut skin with pain.
- Blanching and coolness of skin around IV site.
- Damp or wet dressing.
- Slowed or stopped infusion.
- No backflow of blood into IV tubing on lowering the solution container.
Why does infiltration capacity decreases with time?
Soil Health – Infiltration
As soil moisture content increases , the infiltration rate decreases. Soil moisture is affected by evaporation, water use by plants, residue on surface and plant cover, irrigation, and drainage. Dry soils tend to have pores and cracks that allow water to enter faster.
What are the factors that affect runoff?
- Type of precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, etc.)
- Rainfall intensity.
- Rainfall amount.
- Rainfall duration.
- Distribution of rainfall over the drainage basin.
- Direction of storm movement.
- Precipitation that occurred earlier and resulting soil moisture.
How do humans affect infiltration?
Infiltration is a complex process, controlled by a large number of factors and widely influenced by human activities. ... Most human activities affect the hydrologic cycle by decreasing infiltration and increasing overland flow , but interventions in urban areas have begun to increase the infiltration of storm water.
What will cause an increase in runoff and infiltration in an area?
As the slope of the land increases , runoff increases. As the permeability of the ground increases, runoff decreases. As the degree of saturation increases, runoff increases. As long as precipitation rates exceed infiltration rates, runoff will occur.
