Mowrer (1947) proposed that avoidance learning involved two processes
–(1) classical conditioning and (2) instrumental conditioning
. (Part 1) Dangerous, painful, aversive stimuli (US) cause an innate fear response (UR) .
What are the two processes in the two-process theory of avoidance learning?
Mowrer (1947) proposed that avoidance learning involved two processes
–(1) classical conditioning and (2) instrumental conditioning
. (Part 1) Dangerous, painful, aversive stimuli (US) cause an innate fear response (UR) .
What is Mowrer’s two-process theory?
Two-factor theory, articulated by Mowrer in 1947, was
a reaction to monistic theories of learning that either suggested that all learning was due to Pavlovian conditioning or that all learning was due to the law of effect
. Two-factor theory proposed that neither form of learning is reducible to the other.
What are the two-process models?
Two-process model: Developed by Mowrer (1960), this
suggests that phobias are acquired through learning
. Phobias are acquired initially by classical conditioning (learning by association). If an unpleasant emotion is paired with a stimulus, then the two become associated with each other through conditioning.
What are process theories in psychology?
A process theory is
a system of ideas that explains how an entity changes and develops
. … While process theories focus on how something happens, variance theories focus on why something happens. Examples of process theories include evolution by natural selection, continental drift and the nitrogen cycle.
What are the two components of the two-factor theory of anxiety?
The two-factor theory of emotion states that emotion is based on two factors:
physiological arousal and cognitive label
.
What is the two-factor theory of avoidance?
The two-factor theory of avoidance states that
avoidance involves (1) learning to fear a previously neutral stimulus and (2) responding to escape from this stimulus.
What are the two types of avoidance learning?
Avoidance training occurs in two forms:
active and passive
. In the active form, the avoidance contingency depends on the occurrence of a specified response on the part of the organism; in the passive form, the avoidance contingency depends on the nonoccurrence (i.e., the suppression) of some specified response.
What are common fears?
- acrophobia, fear of heights.
- aerophobia, fear of flying.
- arachnophobia, fear of spiders.
- astraphobia, fear of thunder and lightning.
- autophobia, fear of being alone.
- claustrophobia, fear of confined or crowded spaces.
- hemophobia, fear of blood.
- hydrophobia, fear of water.
What is the key difference between the two-process and one process theories of punishment?
What is the key difference between the two-process and one-process theories of punishment? This is straight from the text:
One-process theory relies on operant learning
; two-process theory relies on Pavlovian conditioning as well as operant learning.
Who proposed the two process theory psychology?
Richard E. Petty and John Cacioppo
proposed a dual process theory focused in the field of social psychology in 1986. Their theory is called the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In their theory, there are two different routes to persuasion in making decisions.
How phobias are maintained?
Operant conditioning
can help to explain how the phobia is maintained. The conditioned (i.e. learned) stimulus evokes fears, and avoidance of the feared object or situation lessens this feeling, which is rewarding. The reward (negative reinforcement) strengths the avoidance behavior, and the phobia is maintained.
How do phobias relate to psychology?
Phobia, an extreme, irrational fear of a specific object or situation. A phobia is classified as a type of anxiety disorder, since anxiety is the chief symptom experienced by the sufferer. Phobias are
thought to be learned emotional responses
.
What are the types in process theories?
There are four major process theories:
(1) operant conditioning, (2) equity, (3) goal, and (4) expectancy
.
The social process theories include
differential association, social learning theory, social control theory, and labeling theory
. Each of these theories has a specific explanation for why individuals engage in criminal acts, but they all hold that socialization is the key to understanding crime.
What are the 4 content motivation theories?
The main content theories are: Maslow’s needs hierarchy,
Alderfer’s ERG theory, McClelland’s achievement motivation and Herzberg’s two-factor theory
. The main process theories are: Skinner’s reinforcement theory, Victor Vroom’s expectancy theory, Adam’s equity theory and Locke’s goal setting theory (Figure 1).
