Using spatial maps
to examine the residential locations of juveniles referred to Chicago courts, Shaw and McKay discovered that rates of crime were not evenly dispersed across time and space in the city.
Which theory is Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay?
Social disorganization theory
is one of the most enduring place-based theories of crime. Developed by Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay, this theory shifted criminological scholarship from a focus on the pathology of people to the pathology of places.
What were the conclusions that Shaw and McKay reached as a result of studying neighborhoods?
Shaw and McKay noted that neighborhoods with the highest crime rates have at least three common problems,
physical dilapidation, poverty, and higher level of ethnic and culture mixing
.
What are the contribution of Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay in cultural transmission theory?
Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay: Cultural Deviance Theory
Cultural deviance theory suggests
that conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime
. Researchers Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay (1942) studied crime patterns in Chicago in the early 1900s.
The social disorganization theory, developed by
Shaw and McKay
based on their studies of Chicago, has pointed to social causes of delinquency that seem to be located in specific geographical areas.
Shaw and McKay traced social disorganization
to conditions endemic to the urban areas that were the only places the newly arriving poor could afford to live
, in particular, a high rate of turnover in the population (residential instability) and mixes of people from different cultural backgrounds (ethnic diversity).
What was the most important finding of Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay?
Using spatial maps to examine the residential locations of juveniles referred to Chicago courts, Shaw and McKay discovered
that rates of crime were not evenly dispersed across time and space in the city
.
How does Chicago School zonal theory explain crime?
In sociology, the social disorganization theory is a theory developed by the Chicago School, related to ecological theories. The
theory directly links crime rates to neighbourhood ecological characteristics
; a core principle of social disorganization theory that states location matters.
Which model holds that substance abusers are forced?
The criminal model of addiction
asserts that drug abusers endanger society with their behavior and should be punished the same as those who commit non-drug-related offenses.
What is positivist or Italian school?
The Positivist School was founded by Cesare Lombroso and led by two others: Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo. In criminology, it has attempted to find scientific objectivity for the measurement and quantification of criminal behavior.
Where did Shaw and McKay study concentric zones?
Shaw and McKay (1942) applied the concentric zone model to the study of juvenile delinquency in
Chicago
. They showed that juvenile delinquency rates were not evenly distributed over the entire city; instead, crime rates were highest in the transition zone.
What makes a society disorganized?
When the various parts of society are properly adjusted, we have social order and a well organised society, but
when they fail to adjust themselves to the changing conditions
, the result is social disequilibrium or disorganisation leading to social problems.
Answered one of the main criticisms of Social Disorganization theory concerning structural factors impact on social control within a neighborhood. Biggest contribution was
in reformulating social control aspect of neighborhoods into three different types of social control that are affected by structural factors
.
What is the theory of Travis Hirschi?
Hirschi’s
social control theory
asserts that ties to family, school and other aspects of society serve to diminish one’s propensity for deviant behaviour. As such, social control theory posits that crime occurs when such bonds are weakened or are not well established.
Social disorganization is a
theoretical perspective that explains ecological differences in levels of crime based on structural and cultural factors shaping the nature of the social order across communities
.
Social disorganization theory has played a
central role in illuminating the neighborhood structures and processes that influence crime and disorder
. It has also informed community crime prevention programs and initiatives concerned with the social organization of urban neighborhoods.
