If there are limited or ambiguous findings in the literature regarding the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable
, write a non-directional (two-tailed) hypothesis.
When would you use a directional hypothesis?
‘ In general, psychologists use a directional hypothesis
when there has been previous research on the topic that they aim to investigate
(the psychologist has a good idea of what the outcome of the research is going to be).
Would a directional or nondirectional hypothesis be more suitable for the researcher to use?
Suggested Answer:
No, it should be non-directional
. Directional hypotheses are used when previous research suggests that the findings of a study will go in a particular direction; however, as the extract says ‘a psychologist was not aware of any previous research’, a directional hypothesis would not be appropriate.
Which is a non-directional hypothesis?
A non-directional hypothesis is
a two-tailed hypothesis that does not predict the direction of the difference or relationship
(e.g. girls and boys are different in terms of helpfulness).
How do you know if its directional or non-directional?
When it comes to conducting an inferential stats test, if you have a directional hypothesis, you must do a one tailed test to find out whether your observed value is significant. If you have a non-directional hypothesis,
you must do a two tailed test
.
Which of the following is a non-directional test?
a statistical test of an experimental hypothesis that does not specify the expected direction of an effect or a relationship
. Also called nondirectional alternative hypothesis test; nondirectional hypothesis test; two-tailed test.
What test would you want to use to test a nondirectional research hypothesis?
Standard textbooks on statistics clearly state that non-directional research hypotheses should be tested using
two-tailed testing
while one-tailed testing is appropriate for testing directional research hypotheses (e.g., Churchill and Iacobucci, 2002, Pfaffenberger and Patterson, 1987).
What is the difference between directional and nondirectional hypothesis?
A nondirectional hypothesis differs from a directional hypothesis in that it predicts a
change, relationship, or difference between two variables
but does not specifically designate the change, relationship, or difference as being positive or negative. Another difference is the type of statistical test that is used.
What is the problem with using computer models to explain thought?
One limitation of the cognitive approach is the claim that
our mind is like a computer
, which is often implied through the use of computer models. Many people argue that humans are very different from computers. For example, we have emotions, we forget things, and we make mistakes, unlike computers.
How is using a matched pairs design an improvement on an independent groups design?
Suggested Answer: Using a matched-pairs design would improve this study as
it would reduce individual/participant differences
. In an independent groups design, it could be participant variables that reduce the post-therapy scores in Group 2 and not the therapy itself.
What is a directional significance test?
A one-tailed test is a statistical test in which the critical
area of
a distribution is one-sided so that it is either greater than or less than a certain value, but not both. … A one-tailed test is also known as a directional hypothesis or directional test.
What is non hypothesis?
A null hypothesis is
a type of hypothesis used in statistics that proposes that there is no difference between certain characteristics of a population (or data-generating process)
. For example, a gambler may be interested in whether a game of chance is fair.
When you have a directional hypothesis the most conservative way to test it would be to use a?
When you have a directional hypothesis, the most conservative way to test it would be to use a…
two-tailed test
. the results are inconclusive. there is less than a 5% chance of getting such an extreme result if the null hypothesis is true.
When would a researcher use a directional significance test?
Directional tests are appropriate in
situations where you expect a change that is either positive or negative, not both
. One tailed test. Although this picture is shaded on the left, it’s mirror image (i.e. where it’s shaded on the right) would also be a one tailed test.
What is one difference between directional and non directional hypothesis Mcq?
What is one difference between directional and non directional hypotheses? A
non directional hypothesis is more likely to be rejected
. A directional hypothesis is supported by weaker data than would be required for a non directional hypothesis. A directional hypothesis can only be used if replicating research.
What is a directional alternative hypothesis example?
For example, a directional hypothesis could
predict that depression scores will decrease following a 6-week intervention, or conversely that well-being will increase following a 6-week intervention
. Also called directional alternative hypothesis; one-tailed hypothesis.
What form do you use to write a hypothesis?
Hypotheses should always be written
in the present tense
. At the time they are written, these statements are referring to research that is currently being conducted. Therefore, hypotheses should follow accordingly.
What are directional and nondirectional bonds?
Ionic bond are non directional
because it the electrostatic force between two opposite charges, Hence bonding direction does not matter. Whereas covalent is directional as attraction is in a specific direction and at an angle relative to the bonding atoms.
Which orbital is non-directional?
s orbitals
are non-directional because they have spherical symmetry which means that the probability of finding an electron at a particular distance from the nucleus is same in all directions as compared with a p orbital which has somewhat a dumbbell like shape.
Why do researchers use non-directional hypothesis?
A non-directional (two-tailed) hypothesis predicts that
the independent variable will have an effect on the dependent variable, but the direction of the effect is not specified
. It just states that there will be a difference.
How are theoretical models used in cognitive psychology to make inferences about mental processes?
they study cognitive processes indirectly by making inferences. … Such inferences allow cognitive psychologists to generate theories and models, for example, the
multi-store model of memory
, which is a theoretical model which is an inferred representation of human memory.
Why computer analogies are used to help us understand human cognitive processes?
The computer gave cognitive psychologists a metaphor, or analogy, to which
they could compare human mental processing
. … This information is can be used by other parts of the brain relating to mental activities such as memory, perception and attention.
What is practical application of cognitive neuroscience?
There are numerous practical applications for this cognitive research, such as
providing help coping with memory disorders
, increasing decision-making accuracy, finding ways to help people recover from brain injury, treating learning disorders, and structuring educational curricula to enhance learning.
Why is matched pairs design better than independent groups?
Matched Pairs Design
The tailored participant-matching process
reduces the risk of participant variables (individual differences) from affecting results between conditions
. Different participants need to be recruited for each condition, which is difficult and expensive.
What is the benefit of a matched pairs design?
Differences between the group means can no longer be explained by differences in age or gender of the participants. The primary advantage of the matched pairs design is
to use experimental control to reduce one or more sources of error variability
. One limitation of this design can be the availability of participants.
What matched pairs design?
A matched pairs design is
a type of experimental design wherein study participants are matched based on key variables, or shared characteristics, relevant to the topic of the study
. Then, one member of each pair is placed into the control group while the other is placed in the experimental group.
When you reject the null hypothesis when there is actually no difference between groups you are making what kind of error?
When the null hypothesis is false and you fail to reject it, you make a
type II error
. The probability of making a type II error is β, which depends on the power of the test. You can decrease your risk of committing a type II error by ensuring your test has enough power.
Which hypothesis is non directional quizlet?
Psychologists use a non-directional hypothesis
when there is no past research or past research is contradictory
. It may be more appropriate if the study is exploring a new area, where informed expectations about how people might behave yet to be established through research.
Is a two-tailed test non directional?
A two-tailed test, also known as a non directional hypothesis, is
the standard test of significance to determine if there is a relationship between variables in either direction
. Two-tailed tests do this by dividing the . 05 in two and putting half on each side of the bell curve.
Can a directional hypothesis be two-tailed?
A one-tailed test is also known as a directional hypothesis or directional test. A two-tailed test, on the other hand, is
designed to examine both sides of a specified data range to test whether a sample is greater than or less than the range of values
.
What are the two types of hypotheses used in a hypothesis test quizlet?
What are the two types of hypotheses used in a hypothesis test? How are they related?
The null hypothesis H0 is a statistical hypothesis
that contains a statement of equality, such as ≤, =, or ≥. The alternative hypothesis Ha is the complement of the null hypothesis.
What are the non examples of hypothesis?
- It doesn’t matter whether or not you skip class. This hypothesis can’t be tested because it doesn’t make any actual claim regarding the outcome of skipping class. …
- Ultraviolet light could cause cancer. …
- Goldfish make better pets than guinea pigs.
What is non hypothesis driven research?
Terms used to describe non-hypothesis-driven research are ‘
descriptive research
,’ in which information is collected without a particular question in mind, and ‘discovery science,’ where large volumes of experimental data are analyzed with the goal of finding new patterns or correlations.
Can you do research without a hypothesis?
Research without hypotheses
Instead of hypotheses, the design for the
exploratory study
should state its purpose, or research objectives as well as criteria by which the exploration will be judged successful.
Should the hypothesis for this research be directional or nondirectional?
Suggested Answer:
No, it should be non-directional
. Directional hypotheses are used when previous research suggests that the findings of a study will go in a particular direction; however, as the extract says ‘a psychologist was not aware of any previous research’, a directional hypothesis would not be appropriate.
What is non-directional test?
a statistical test of an experimental hypothesis that does not specify the expected direction of an effect or a relationship
. Also called nondirectional alternative hypothesis test; nondirectional hypothesis test; two-tailed test.
Which hypothesis test should I use?
The test we need to use is
a one sample t-test for means
(Hypothesis test for means is a t-test because we don’t know the population standard deviation, so we have to estimate it with the sample standard deviation s).
