In the context of equity theory, which of the following is a difference between under reward and over reward? Unlike over reward, under reward occurs when
a referent’s outcome/input ratio is better than one’s own
outcome/input ratio.
Which of the following is a difference between expectancy and instrumentality?
Expectancy is the individual’s belief that effort will lead to the intended performance goals. … Instrumentality is the belief that a person will receive a desired outcome if
the performance expectation is
met.
Which of the following is a difference between fixed ratio reinforcement schedules and variable ratio reinforcement schedules quizlet?
Fixed interval reinforcement schedules are
intermittent reinforcement
schedules that are based on time, whereas variable interval reinforcement schedules are intermittent reinforcement schedules that are based on behaviors.
Which of the following is a difference between extrinsic rewards and intrinsic rewards?
Extrinsic rewards—including
pay
, material goods, and social recognition—are granted by others. Intrinsic rewards are psychic rewards, such as a sense of competence or a feeling of accomplishment, that are self-granted and experienced internally.
Which of the following is a basic component of equity theory a valences B referents C situational constraints D goal specificity?
d.) It is the examination of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings. c.) It is
the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal
.
What is the difference between expectancy and equity theory?
Expectancy theory holds that individuals seek to maximize their positive outcomes. In contrast, Equity theory posits that
individuals seek to find balance between their inputs and outcomes
. … The theory proposes that employees make comparisons.
What is instrumentality expectancy theory?
Instrumentality is the
belief that a person will receive a reward if the performance expectation is met
. This reward may present itself in the form of a pay increase, promotion, recognition or sense of accomplishment. Instrumentality is low when the reward is the same for all performances given.
Which of the following is a difference between fixed interval reinforcement schedules and fixed ratio reinforcement schedules?
Ratio schedules involve reinforcement after an average number of responses have occurred. … Interval schedules involve reinforcing a behavior after an interval of
time
has passed. In a fixed interval schedule, the interval of time is always the same.
Which of the following is a difference between variable interval reinforcement schedules and variable ratio reinforcement schedules?
In a variable schedule the number of responses or amount of time between reinforcements change randomly. The
schedule is unpredictable
. In a ratio schedule reinforcement occurs after a certain number of responses have been emitted. Interval schedules involve reinforcing a behavior after a period of time has passed.
Which of the following is a trait difference between leaders and non leaders?
Which of the following is a trait difference between leaders and nonleaders?
Leaders display more honesty and integrity than
nonleaders.
What are extrinsic rewards?
Extrinsic rewards are usually
financial or tangible rewards given to employees
, such as pay raises, bonuses, and benefits. They are extrinsic because they are external to completing the work itself and are controlled by people other than the employee.
What are intrinsic and extrinsic rewards give examples?
Intrinsic rewards include things such as:
personal achievement, professional growth, sense of pleasure and accomplishment
. Extrinsic motivation is based on tangible rewards, is external to the individual and is typically offered by a supervisor or manager.
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic?
The main difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is
that intrinsic motivation comes from within, and extrinsic motivation comes from outside
. … For example, if you have a job and are working on completing a project, you might be extrinsically motivated to finish it to meet a teammate’s timeline.
Which of the following is a basic component of equity theory?
The basic components of equity theory are
outcomes, instrumentality, and valence
.
What is equity theory in HRM?
Equity theory is
a theory of motivation that suggests that employee motivation at work is driven largely by their sense of fairness
. Employees create a mental ledger of the inputs and outcomes of their job and then use this ledger to compare the ratio of their inputs and outputs to others.
Which component of equity theory refers to the contributions employees make to the organization?
Equity theory proposes that people value fair treatment, which motivates them to maintain a similar standard of fairness with their coworkers and the organization. Accordingly, equity structure in the workplace is based on the
ratio of inputs to outcomes
. Inputs are the employee’s contribution to the workplace.
What is an example of expectancy theory?
For example:
People recycle paper
because they believe it’s important to conserve resources and take a stand on environmental issues (valence), they believe that the more effort they put into recycling the more paper people, in general, will recycle (expectancy)
Is also known as Valene and instrumentality theory?
Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation
: Valence, Instrumentality and Expectancy. Vroom’s expectancy theory of motivation says that individuals are motivated to do something by three things.
Is expectancy theory relevant to managerial perspective?
Implications. Expectancy theory can help
managers understand how individuals are motivated to choose among various behavioral alternatives
. To enhance the connection between performance and outcomes, managers should use systems that tie rewards very closely to performance.
What are the implications of equity theory?
Equity theory has several implications for business managers:
People measure the totals of their inputs and outcomes
. This means a working mother may accept lower monetary compensation in return for more flexible working hours. Different employees ascribe personal values to inputs and outcomes.
What is valence expectancy and instrumentality?
A theory of motivation stating that the level of effort individuals will exert in any task can be computed from three variables: expectancy, or the belief that action or effort will lead to a successful outcome;
instrumentality
, or the belief that success will bring rewards; and valence, or the desirability of the …
What is McClelland theory?
McClelland’s Human Motivation Theory states that
every person has one of three main driving motivators
: the needs for achievement, affiliation, or power. These motivators are not inherent; we develop them through our culture and life experiences. Achievers like to solve problems and achieve goals.
What is the difference between fixed interval and fixed ratio?
Fixed ratios are better suited to optimize the quantity of output, whereas a fixed interval, in which the reward is not quantity based, can lead to a higher quality of output. In a variable ratio reinforcement schedule, the number of responses needed for a reward varies.
What is the difference between continuous and intermittent reinforcement?
A continuous schedule of reinforcement (sometimes abbreviated into CRF) occurs when reinforcement is delivered after every single target behaviour whereas an intermittent schedule of reinforcement (INT)
means reinforcement is delivered after some behaviours or responses but never after each one
.
What is a fixed interval schedule?
A Fixed Interval Schedule
provides a reward at consistent times
. Forexample a child may be rewarded once a week if their room is cleaned up. Aproblem with this type of reinforcement schedule is that individuals tend to wait until the time when reinforcement will occur and thenbegin their responses (Nye, 1992).
What is an example of variable interval reinforcement?
One classic example of variable interval reinforcement is
having a health inspector or secret shopper come into a workplace
. Store employees or even managers may not know when someone is coming in to inspect the store, although they may know it’s happening once a quarter or twice a year.
What is the main difference between managers and leaders?
The main difference between leaders and managers is that
leaders have people follow them while managers have people who work for them
. A successful business owner needs to be both a strong leader and manager to get their team on board to follow them towards their vision of success.
Which of the following is a trait of leadership?
Virtually all good leaders share the leadership trait of
confidence
. They are able to make tough decisions and lead with authority. By being confident, leaders are able to reassure and inspire others, establish open communications, and encourage teamwork.
What is trait theory of leadership examples?
The trait theory of leadership focuses
on the leader and the traits he exhibits
. Certain types of traits make leaders more effective. For example, the late Steve Jobs was known for his charisma. His ability to passionately articulate his visions made people want to follow his lead.
What are the four partial schedules of reinforcement and how do they differ?
There are four types of partial reinforcement schedules:
fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval and variable interval schedules
. … This is the schedule where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses.
Which of the following is the best example of a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?
In operant conditioning, a variable-ratio schedule is a schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. 1 This schedule creates a steady, high rate of responding.
Gambling and lottery games
are good examples of a reward based on a variable ratio schedule.
What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic semiconductor?
The main difference between intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor is that
intrinsic semiconductors are pure in form
, no form of impurity is added to them while extrinsic semiconductors being impure, contains the doping of trivalent or pentavalent impurities.
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic muscles?
The extrinsic muscle groups are the long flexors and extensors. They are called extrinsic because the muscle belly is located on the forearm. The intrinsic group is the smaller muscles located within the hand itself. … Muscles of the Hand allow your hand to flex and move things around.
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation quizlet?
Extrinsic motivation refers to
engaging in activities to reduce needs
or obtain external rewards. Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in activities because those activities are personally rewarding and they fulfill our beliefs or expectations.
What are the 4 types of extrinsic motivation?
There are four types of extrinsic motivation:
external regulation, introjected regulation, identification, and integrated regulation
. So, the next time you decide to do something, ask yourself why. You may find that you are extrinsically motivated.
Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic incentive?
Compensation, recognition, and bonuses
are examples of extrinsic rewards.
What are the examples of extrinsic rewards?
- competing in sports for trophies.
- completing work for money.
- customer loyalty discounts.
- buy one, get one free sales.
- frequent flyer rewards.
What are extrinsic and intrinsic resources?
Intrinsic motivation comes from within the individual
, while extrinsic motivation comes from outside the individual.
Is job security intrinsic or extrinsic?
Herzberg and colleagues developed a Two-Factor Theory of job satisfaction by distinguishing between intrinsic-motivational factors such as recognition, work tasks and responsibility, and
extrinsic-hygiene
factors like job security, working conditions or salary (2).
What is intrinsic and extrinsic compensation?
Intrinsic compensation is the fulfillment of motivation that keeps an employee motivated to work. They are intangible and come from within the person doing the activity. …
Extrinsic compensation is a tangible award given to an employee for accomplishing something
. They can be monetary or non-monetary.
What is equity theory example?
Equity Theory is based on the idea that individuals are motivated by fairness. … As an example of equity theory,
if an employee learns that a peer doing exactly the same job as them is earning more money, then they may choose to do less work, thus creating fairness in their eyes
.
How do you use equity theory?
Equity theory can be
a model for measuring how satisfied an employee is in their job
. According to John S. Adams, your staff try to keep a balance between how much they give to you (inputs), and what they receive from your business in return (outputs).
What is an output of equity theory?
Outputs. Outputs in equity theory are defined as
the positive and negative consequences that an individual perceives a participant has incurred as a consequence of his/her relationship with another
. Outputs can be both tangible and intangible.
