Positive reinforcement strengthens a response by presenting something that is typically pleasant after the response, whereas
negative reinforcement
strengthens a response by reducing or removing something that is typically unpleasant.
Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
A
person is caught stealing
and is taken to jail. Those who saw the person steal and receive punishment learn vicariously that stealing brings a negative consequence. If the vicarious punishment works, they won’t steal in the future.
Which of the following results must occur in order for a stimulus to be considered punishment?
when a response is immediately followed by a stimulus that decreases the frequency of future responding. Punishment isn’t defined by the actions of the person delivering it, or by the nature of the consequences.
A decrease in future frequency of behavior
must be observed for a consequence is considered punishment.
What type of learning happens when a stimulus occurs before a response?
Classical conditioning
refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behaviour. After the association is learned, the previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behaviour.
What is an example of negative punishment?
Losing access to a toy, being grounded, and losing reward tokens
are all examples of negative punishment. In each case, something good is being taken away as a result of the individual’s undesirable behavior.
Which type of stimulus follows behavior?
In operant conditioning,
positive reinforcement
involves the addition of a reinforcing stimulus following a behavior that makes it more likely that the behavior will occur again in the future. When a favorable outcome, event, or reward occurs after an action, that particular response or behavior will be strengthened.
What are examples of positive punishment?
With positive punishment, you add something unpleasant in response to a behavior. For example, a
child chews gum in class
, which is against the rules. The punishment is the teacher disciplining them in front of the class. The child stops chewing gum in glass.
What’s the difference between positive and negative punishment?
Positive punishment involves
adding an aversive consequence after an undesired behavior is emitted to decrease future responses
. Negative punishment includes taking away a certain reinforcing item after the undesired behavior happens in order to decrease future responses.
What is an example of vicarious?
The definition of vicarious is living as if through someone else or acting for someone else. An example of vicarious is
when a mother who always wanted to be a dancer continually pushes her children to do ballet.
What is vicarious punishment?
Vicarious punishment occurs
when the tendency to engage in a behavior is weakened after having observed the negative consequences for another engaging in that behavior
. This is a form of observational learning as described by social learning theory.
What is a stimulus in behavior?
Stimuli are
events in the environment that influence behavior
. A single stimulus can serve many different functions. Listed below are several functions that a stimulus can serve. … An observing response is sometimes necessary for presentation of the discriminative stimulus/stimuli.
What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior experience?
The first stimulus
was one that evoked the response to be tested, without prior experience. These types of stimulus-response pairs are known as innate reflexes, and the stimulus is named an unconditioned stimulus (US) and its response an unconditioned response (UCR).
Does a neutral stimulus causes no response?
A neutral stimulus is a
stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention
. In classical conditioning, when used together with an unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus.
What is Type 2 punishment?
Type 2 punishment: is
removal of a positive event after a behavior
. Technically punishment is a decrease in the rate of a behavior. For example: If a child was spanked for running onto the road and stops running on to the road, then the spanking was punishment.
What are some examples of negative punishment in the classroom?
- Taking away a boy’s recess privilege to stop his disruption.
- Giving the driver a parking ticket (taking away money) to stop his illegal parking.
- A child’s screen time is cut to stop his tantrum.
- Taking away a teenager’s phone to stop the bad attitude.
What is an example of negative reinforcement in the classroom?
Teachers can use negative reinforcement to motivate students and change their behavior. For example, a
teacher can eliminate that night’s homework if kids study hard and accomplish a lot in class
. If this happens multiple times, the kids will consistently work harder and be more productive while in the classroom.
